courts of summary jurisdiction in the case of persons who are convicted of drunkenness four times in the course of a year. At present there are no State inebriate reformatories. Under the new Act, however, the Home Secretary is given power to build such reformatories, and also to issue licenses to any county or borough, or any person desirous of establishing such institutions.

The Act amending the law of evidence makes "every person charged with an offence, and the wife or husband, as the case may be, of a person so charged, a competent witness for the defence at every stage of the proceedings, whether the person so charged is charged solely or jointly with any other person." A person so charged is not to be called except on his own application; and if he does not apply, his failure is not to be made the subject of any comment by the prosecution. If he does volunteer for the witness box he may be asked any question in cross-examination, although his answer might tend to criminate him. The Prison Act makes a series of important changes in the direction of humanizing the prison code. It gives boards of visitors more latitude in making rules for prisoners under sentence of hard labour, and also restricts the infliction of corporal punishment for offences against prison discipline. The Vagrancy Act brings under the definition of a rogue and vagabond within the meaning of the Vagrancy Act of 1824, men who live wholly or in part on the earnings of prostitution. The Act throws on the accused the onus of proving that he is earning an honest livelihood.

Farmington, Conn.

EDWARD PORRITT.

Recent Historical Monographs. The introduction of systematic training in methods of research into our University work is justifying itself more abundantly year by year, through the marked improvement in the quality of the monographs that are published by students. There is greater energy and zeal in the collection of material, more penetration in its analysis and a more careful authentication of the results. What was once looked upon as an academic exercise is now looked at more seriously as an opportunity to contribute to existing knowledge.

That the opportunity is not always turned into achievement, and that not infrequently the young investigator takes himself too seriously and lapses into pedantry, must be acknowledged, but the steady increase in the production of sound and valuable mono

graphs more than counterbalance these drawbacks. Two or three examples of the best recent work may be noticed in this connection. The history of American political parties has often been attempted, but what an advance from the time when Ormsby thought it worth while to write the history of the Whig Party out of his head,1 to the production of such a work as that of Dr. Theodore C. Smith's on "The Liberty and Free Soil Parties," by far the most thorough and valuable study of the formative period of party history that we have. It is noteworthy not only for its extended research, but for the care with which local influences are traced out.

Another admirable piece of work is that by Miss Eleanor L. Lord, a graduate of Smith and Bryn Mawr, who has derived from the Board of Trade Papers in the English Record Office the material for several connected studies on "Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies of North America." The efforts of the

government to draw naval stores from the colonies, the projects for promoting emigration, the various experiments in bounties, the policy in regard to forests, lumber, and manufacture, are fully set forth from material most of which is not yet printed.

Our third example is a Cambridge University prize essay on "The Monroe Doctrine," by W. F. Redway.*

This volume, while so excellent as to be justly described as the best work we have on the Monroe Doctrine, is less valuable than it would have been had its author not appealed to a general audience and in deference to their supposed wishes omitted all precise reference to authorities and sources. It is a good example of the application of historical method, although at times the author's critical processes are less precise than could be wished, but its distinctive feature, which gives it a positive value of its own, is the use which Mr. Reddaway has made of the material in the English Diplomatic Correspondence in 1823 and 1824. Hitherto we have had to rely on the information derived from Adams in Washington

1 "He (i. e. the writer) has had no access to libraries, nor public documents." Preface to A History of the Whig Party," by R. McK. Ormsby.

2 The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest. Toppan Prize Essay of 1896. Harvard Historical Studies, VI. New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1897.

3 Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies of North America. By Eleanor L. Lord. Bryn Mawr College, 1896. Vol. XVII of the Johns Hopkins Studies. 4 Cambridge: At the University Press. 1898. New York, The Macmillan Co. $1.25.

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and Rush in London, and while no very essential changes need be made in our conception of the development of the doctrine, we are glad to follow it as it appeared to George Canning in London and Addington in Washington.

Some New Editions, Reprints, etc. Professor Woodrow Wilson has made a good book into a better one, by issuing a new edition of "The State." We find in it corrections both of statement and of style; omissions, additions and re-arrangements of matter; fuller bibliographies and a better index. The whole treatment is brought down to date, and is specially improved as respects the early family, the social contract theory, the governments of Greece and Rome, feudalism and the diffusion of Roman law in Europe. Important recent works like those of Westermack, Fowler, Sohm, Boutmy, Lowell and Burgess are mentioned in the lists of authorities, and in some cases they have obviously affected and improved the treatment of the subject matter itself.

Mr. Ward's "Outlines of Sociology" is made up of twelve articles written by him for the American Journal of Sociology during the years 1895-97, and therefore already familiar to such as follow discussions in this field. In our judgment it is a much more valuable contribution to thought and knowledge than was the author's "Dynamic Sociology," because more limited in scope, more mature in reflection, more comprehensive and sympathetic in spirit. It is to be welcomed as a vigorous vindication of the psychological method of interpreting society.

In his "Elements of Sociology," Professor Giddings has sought to give "an elementary description of society in clear and simple scientific terms," "an untechnical but scientific and reasonably complete statement of sociological theory, for the use of college and school classes."

How far it will prove desirable to introduce the

1 The State. Elements of Historical and Practical Politics. By Woodrow Wilson, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Jurisprudence and Politics in Princeton University. Revised Edition. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co., 1898-xxxv, 656 pp.

Outlines of Sociology. By Lester F. Ward. New York, The Macmillan Co., 1898-xii, 301 pp.

The Elements of Sociology. A Text-Book for Colleges and Schools. By Franklin Henry Giddings, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Sociology in Columbia University. New York, The Macmillan Company, 1898-xi, 353 pp.

study of sociology among undergraduates, is not yet clear; we trust that this work will be put to such use in a large number of schools and the results closely observed. The book displays, no less than its author's "Principles of Sociology," a mind of alertness, vigor, breadth, versatility and analytic power.

The more important of Professor Henderson's two works is in decided contrast with that of Professor Giddings, though having a somewhat similar aim. It is not so academic in method and style, being intended for readers as well as students. We are by no means sure, however, but that the latter class would gain from it quite as true, and a more vivid, conception of what society really is, than from the more professional treatise. Professor Henderson has a sufficient acquaintance with sociological theory, and a very wide and intimate knowledge of certain social classes, and he has blended these two in a book which we regard as particularly well adapted to the purpose for which it was prepared.

The other work of Professor Henderson2 was prepared for the use of the "Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle," and has a wholly practical aim. It is considerably miscellaneous in its contents, but would appear to be well adapted to arouse and direct the spirit of social reform in those to whom it is addressed.

The Rev. A. P. Atterbury has translated, and the Putnams have published, Sombart's "Socialismus und sociale Bewegung im 19. Jahrhundert," which was reviewed in its French form in our last issue. An appreciative and discriminating introduction is furnished by Professor John B. Clark. We need only add that the translation, though less felicitous than the French, is in general adequate, and that there is, perhaps, no other work accessible to English readers, which compresses so much information and sound suggestion on this topic within such small compass.

The four lectures which Professor Moses has published in a thin volume1 are entitled: "A Fundamental Tendency;" "Conflict and 1 Social Elements. Institutions, Character, Progress. By Charles Richmond Henderson. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898-ix, 405 pp.

The Social Spirit in America. By C. R. Henderson, Associate Professor of Sociology in the University of Chicago. Meadville, Penn'a, Flood & Vincent, 1897-350 pp.

3 Socialism and the Social Movement in the 19th Century. By Werner Sombart, Professor in the University of Breslau. Translated by Anson P. Atterbury. New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898-xvii, 199 pp.

Democracy and Social Growth in America. Four Lectures. By Bernard Moses, Ph.D., Professor in the University of California. New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898-129 pp.

Socialism;" "Education and Democracy;" "Preservation of the Democratic Spirit." The discussion is on a high plane and of wholesome quality. We quote part of a paragraph from the third lecture: "Many of the smaller colleges of this country are chartered opponents of true education. They are established in the interest of personal pride, local prejudice, or denominational zeal, and whatever influence they exert is in favor of making superficial knowledge general. . . They endorse it with an academic degree, which is the last assurance necessary to convince the holder that he has swept the whole intellectual horizon, and is consequently fitted for the performance of any task within the realm of intellectual effort."

Statistics of the Vocations of College Graduates. On the following page are given in condensed and abbreviated form the figures indicating the distribution of Yale College graduates among the various professions and occupations. The records of the various Class Secretaries cover the period since 1839 without a break. Records for the earlier classes are often incomplete, and sometimes wholly wanting. From those that do exist the above figures have been derived. The leading difficulty in doing so is due to the changes of occupations reported by individual graduates, more frequent in the earlier years of the century than now. So, for instance, a graduate of the College might begin to earn his livelihood by teaching, then study and practice law, and finally enter upon some mercantile career; or, another might study for the ministry, exchange that profession for journalism, and eventually retire to the country and end his days as a farmer. In each case a graduate has been assigned to that occupation in which he appears to have been most successful, generally a question of the number of years devoted to each vocation. Another difficulty lies in the fact that a considerable number of graduates make no report of their doings; they are often the unsuccessful ones, and must of necessity be disregarded. A third, but minor difficulty presents itself in the case of those who die before the final selection of their vocation. Owing to this fact, the proportion of teachers, whose occupation is so often a stepping-stone to some other, may be unduly swelled, but to no very considerable extent.

The graduates of each year were assigned to one or another of the ten occupations indicated in the table, namely: Law, Ministry,