Sources: Compiled Laws of 1907, sections 511, 1477, 2219 to 2289, 4930; Acts of 1909, chapter 96; Acts of 1911, chapter 76.

VERMONT.

Control.-A board of three persons appointed by the governor constitutes the board of penal institutions and has charge of the State prison, house of correction, and the industrial school and makes contracts or otherwise provides for the employment of persons sentenced thereto. The employment of county convicts is in the hands of prison boards consisting of the assistant judges, the sheriff, and the supervisor of highways of each county.

Systems of employment.—The contract, public-account, and public-works-andways systems are authorized.

Regulations. No contract may be made for a longer term than five years. Every sentence to the State prison is for hard labor.

No more than ten State prisoners may be employed outside the walls of each institution at one time.

Convicts sentenced to the house of correction and the jail of Rutland County may receive, on discharge therefrom, transportation to their homes.

County convicts may be employed within or without the walls of the jail. Goods. The board may sell any and all articles manufactured, and pay the convicts such proportion of the proceeds as seems to be to the best interest of the State.

Sources: Public Statutes of 1906, sections 2364, 5988, 5995 to 5998, 6015, 6104. 6105; Acts of 1908, No. 179; Acts of 1912, Nos. 238, 239, 242 and 244.

VIRGINIA.

Control.—A board of five directors appointed by the governor makes rules for the government of the penitentiary and the employment of convicts, and must inspect the penitentiary quarterly.

City councils or county boards of supervisors or judges of circuit or corporation courts may establish chain gangs for working on streets, roads, and public property.

Systems of employment.-The lease, contract, public-account, and publicworks-and-ways systems may be used.

Regulations.-Convicts whose terms do not exceed five years may be furnished on the requisition of boards of county supervisors for work on county roads; or they may be employed by contractors engaged in macadamizing any turnpike or other road. Long-term and desperate convicts shall be employed in quarrying limestone and in grinding limestone and oyster shells. Railroad companies to which counties are subscribers may also lease convicts for labor on such railroads. But contractors are in general to employ the labor of convicts as far as possible in manufacturing.

Contracts for hire of convicts shall be made only when it is found impracticable to work them without a contract. Not more than 500 male convicts shall be hired.

Convicts not otherwise employed may be put at labor on a farm owned or leased by the State. A number may also be employed on the public buildings and grounds and on State Confederate cemeteries.

City and county convicts may also be assigned to work on the State convict road force.

Convicts working on roads in lieu of a jail sentence shall be allowed 50 cents each for every day so employed.

The tasking system is provided for, and convicts are to be allowed pay for overtime labor. Instruction in the mechanic arts is directed.

Prescribed punishments are whipping, the gag, solitary confinement, and restricted diet.

Discharged convicts receive each a suit of clothing and $10.

The price of the ground limestone and oyster shells shall be sufficient to cover cost of maintenance, guarding, and service of convicts, interest on investment on machinery. 10 per cent for depreciation, cost of raw material and upkeep of the plant. If there is more than one applicant only one carload of this product can be sold to a person in one year.

Sources: Code of 1904, sections 232, 944a, 3932, 4125 to 4147, 4154, 4172, 4173; Acts of 1906, chapters 58, 74; Acts of 1908, chapters 28, 84, 270, 354; Acts of 1910, chapters 217, 267; Acts of 1912, chapters 58, 59 and 295.

WASHINGTON.

Control. The governor appoints a State board of audit and control, of which he is ex officio chairman, which makes rules for the government of the penitentiary, authorizes the employment of the convicts, and makes monthly inspections.

The sheriff has the custody of county convicts, their employment being within the direction of the county commissioners.

Systems of employment.—The labor of convicts must not be let out by contract. The public-account, State-use, and public-works-and-ways systems are authorized.

Regulations. No article may be manufactured for sale at the State penitentiary except jute fabrics and bricks, but convicts may be employed at any point in the State at preparing stone for use on streets and highways.

Convicts maintained at the four quarries shall be kept at work every day except Sundays and legal holidays, in preparing road materials for State and municipal use.

Discharged convicts receive $5 if needed, a suit of clothing, and transportation to the place of sentence or other place not more remote.

County convicts may be employed on roads, streets, or about public buildings and grounds. They may be confined by a ball and chain while at work., Eight hours constitute a day's labor.

Punishment is limited to solitary confinement, and a diet of bread and water, not exceeding 20 days.

Goods. Sales of jute fabrics must be to consumers, residents of the State, at private sale and for cash only.

The price of grain sacks shall not exceed the estimated cost of production plus a profit of 12 per cent, and they must be sold to the grain growers of the different counties of the State pro rata. After June 1st, they may be disposed of in the open market.

Prepared rock must be disposed of in such manner and for such price as will be most advantageous to the State; citizens of the State have right of purchase. Sources: Constitution; Codes and Statutes of 1910, sections 5911, 5912, 8494 to 8505, 8558; Acts of 1911, chapter 114; Acts of 1913, chapters 38, 114, 132 and 164.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Control. The governor appoints a board of five commissioners which has general control of the penitentiary and of the manufacturing operations carried on therein.

The county and city authorities may jointly erect workhouses to be managed and controlled by joint boards of directors.

The sheriff is keeper of the county jail, but the employment of misdemeanants held for unpaid fines rests with the county court.

Systems of employment.—As many convicts as possible are to be employed on contracts. Those not so employed may be employed under the piece-price, public-accounts, or State-use systems; or they may be temporarily hired out. County misdemeanants may be employed on public works and ways.

Regulations.-Nine hours are to be a day's labor, to be performed daily except on Sundays and national holidays.

Contracts shall be entered into only in so far as convicts can not be employed in preparing road materials and in road building. When road building is done by contract, the contractor may employ convicts.

Persons committed in default of bail bond, electing to work on the public roads, are credited with $1 for each day's work performed, in payment of any fine and cost subsequently imposed, or if acquitted, with 50 cents for each day of such employment payable from the road fund.

Overtime pay is mentioned, without stating how it may be earned.

County misdemeanants held for unpaid fines are allowed $1 for each day's labor on streets or highways.

Sources: Code of 1899, chapters 36, 41; chapter 163, as amended by chapter 45, Acts of 1903; Acts of 1913, chapters 41 to 44.

WISCONSIN.

Control.-The governor appoints a board of control of five members, one of whom must be a woman, which has charge of penal, reformatory, and charitable institutions within the State. This board provides for the government of the

penitentiary, has charge of the employment of the convicts, and makes monthly visits of inspection.

County jails and workhouses are under the inspection of the board of control, but their maintenance and the employment of their inmates is charged upon the county boards.

Systems of employment.-Employment may be under the contract, publicaccount, State-use or public-works-and-ways systems.

Regulations.-Contracts are limited to terms not exceeding five years.

The officers of State institutions are directed to procure from the penitentiary. furniture and such other supplies for use in their respective institutions as are obtainable, and the prison officials are directed to cause the same to be made on requisition therefor. The prisoners are to be employed in various industries, to manufacture goods for counties and cities and their institutions as well as for the State. Employment at farming and quarrying stone and the manu facture of binding twine and cordage are also mentioned.

The State may establish a manufacturing business within the State prison for the manufacture of goods, wares and merchandise, and the board is authorized to lease shoproom, machinery and power, and a sufficient number of convicts to operate the same.

Male convicts may be employed in preparing road materials.

No labor is to be performed on any legal holiday.

No corporal or other painful and unusual punishment may be inflicted for violation of prison rules. The keeper, however, may order an unruly or disobedient prisoner to solitary confinement, on bread and water not exceeding 20 days.

Convicts receive on discharge an allowance of $5 each and a suit of clothes and transportation. Deserving convicts may also have part of their earnings. County convicts are employed for the benefit of the county, either within or without the county jail or workhouse, and labor ten hours per day, Sundays and legal holidays excepted.

Prisoners not criminals are kept apart from criminals, the sexes are separated, and communication between them is prevented as far as possible. Children under 16 years of age are confined in separate apartments.

Prisoners working on public roads are granted a per diem determined by the board of control, to be paid the convict or his dependents.

Goods. All convict-made goods brought into the State for sale must be distinctly marked or branded as such. The binding twine must be sold at such times and places, and in the manner determined by the board and warden to be for the best interest of the State, citizens of the State having prior right of purchase.

Sources: Statutes of 1911, sections 561a, i, j, 564 (5), (6), 4883, 4887, 4891, 4908, 4915 to 4918-15, 4923, 4925, 4927, 4938 to 4943, 4947a to 4948, 4952, 4953, 4960a; Acts of 1913, chapters 716 and 717.

WYOMING.

Control.-The governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, and superintendent of public instruction constitute a board of charities and reform which has the general superintendence of all penal and reformatory institutions in the State, including county jails, and provides for the employment of convicts in the State penitentiary.

County convicts labor under the direction of the sheriff as provided for by the chairman of the county board.

Systems of employment.-The contract and piece-price systems are prohibited; also employment of State convicts on any public work outside the place of confinement; nor shall any convict be put at any work in any occupation which competes with any citizen of this State. Convicts may be employed to complete or repair the premises in which they are confined.

County convicts may be employed on public works and ways, or otherwise for the benefit of the county.

Regulations.-Employment of convicts in coal mines, or where the products of their labor will come in conflict with those of free labor, is prohibited. Discharged convicts receive each a suit of clothing and $5 in money.

County convicts are to be employed for the benefit of the county during working hours on week days. Unless the county commissioners direct otherwise, such employment shall be on the roads, streets, or other public works.

Prisoners committed for nonpayment of fines may be put to work until such fines and costs are paid.

Source: Compiled Statutes of 1910, sections 436 to 441, 519 to 527, 546, 6036, 6398 to 6401.

UNITED STATES.

Conirol.-The Attorney-General of the United States has control and management of United States prisons, and appoints superintendents and other officials in charge thereof.

Systems of employment.-The State-use system is prescribed.

Regulations.-Designated employments are the manufacture of articles and the production of supplies for use within the prisons, the manufacture of such Government supplies as can be produced without the use of machinery, the construction and repair of the buildings and inclosures of the prison and the making of the necessary materials therefor, and the cultivation and care of the prison grounds and farm.

Goods. The importation of any article, the product in whole or in part of convict labor, is prohibited.

Source: Compiled Statutes of 1901, pages 1626, 3726, 3731.

EXAMINATION, LICENSING, ETC., OF WORKMEN.

A number of States have laws requiring workmen to be licensed or registered before engaging in certain occupations, usually requiring them also to pass an examination or to give other proof of competency. Most of the laws containing such provisions are separable from other labor legislation, and the subject matter of these laws is summarized in the following pages. Laws providing for the examination, licensing, or other tests for employees on railways and in mines are not summarized, but are given in full in the general body of labor laws.

BARBERS.

The laws of 15 States provide for an examination and registration of persons following the occupation of barber. A license or card is furnished, which must generally be displayed in front of the chair of the holder. In some of these States the laws include the regulation of schools for the instruction of barbers as well as prescribing the qualifications of practicing barbers. Sanitary conditions of the shop, tools, etc., are also usually prescribed or placed under the power of the board of barber examiners. Following is a list of the States having such laws.

Colorado.-Acts of 1909, chapter 138.

Connecticut.-General Statutes of 1902, sections 4671 to 4673; Acts of 1903, chapter 130 (as amended by chapters 189, Acts of 1905, and 76, Acts of 1907); Acts of 1911, chapter 100.

Delaware.-Acts of 1901, chapter 137.

Illinois. Acts of 1909, page 98.

Kansas.-Acts of 1913, chapter 2921.

Maryland.-Annotated Code of 1911, Article XLIII, sections 209 to 222.

Michigan.-Acts of 1913, No. 387.

Minnesota.-Revised Laws of 1905, sections 2342 to 2349.

Missouri.-Revised Statutes of 1909, sections 1179 to 1192.

North Dakota.-Revised Codes of 1905, sections 349 to 363; Acts of 1909, chapter 46.

Oregon.-Oregon Laws of 1910, sections 4814 to 4825.

Rhode Island.-General Laws of 1909, chapter 113.

Utah.-Compiled Laws of 1907, sections 138x to 138x16.

Washington.-Annotated Statutes 1910, sections 7006 to 7020.

Wisconsin.-Statutes 1911, sections 1636-18 to 1636-29 (amended by chapter

752, Acts of 1913).

The law of Illinois is given below in full, as fairly representative of laws of this class.

Certificate required.

Board of examiners.

Examination and licensing of barbers.

(Acts of 1909, page 98.)

SECTION 1. It shall be unlawful for any person to follow the occupation of barber in this State, unless he shall first have obtained a certificate of registration as provided in this act: Provided, however, That nothing contained in this act shall apply to or affect any person who is now actually engaged in such occupation, except as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 2. A board of examiners, to consist of three (3) persons, is hereby created to carry out and enforce the provisions of this act. Said board shall be appointed by the governor and shall consist of practical barbers who have been for at least five (5) years prior to their appointment, engaged in occupation of barber in this State. Each member of said board shall serve a term of two (2) years and until his successor is appointed and qualified, except in the case of the first board, whose members shall serve one (1), two (2) [and] three (3) years respectively, and shall take the oath provided for public officers. Vacancies shall be filled by the governor for the unexpired portion of the term.

SEC. 3. Said board shall elect a president, secretary and treasurer, shall have a common seal, and shall have the power to administer oath. The office of secretary and treasurer may be filled by the same person, as said board may determine. The secretary and treasurer shall give a bond in the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000), with sureties approved by the secretary of state, conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of the office.

SEC. 4. Each member of said board shall receive a compensation of four (4) dollars per day and actual expenses for actual service, and two (2) cents per mile for each mile actually traveled in attending the meetings of the board, which compensation shall be paid out of any moneys in the hands of the treasurer of said board: Provided, That said compensation and mileage shall in no event be paid out of the state treasury.

SEC. 5. Said board shall hold practical examinations at least four times each year, said examinations to be held in cities in different parts of the State, distributed as evenly as possible for the convenience of the applicants, and such other examinations at such times and places as they may, from time to time determine. Whenever complaint is made that any barber shop is kept in an unsanitary condition, or that contagious diseases have been imparted, a member of the board shall visit and inspect such shops and enforce the provisions of this act. The board shall keep a record of all its proceedings, shall also show if such applicant was registered or rejected by examination, or otherwise, such book shall be prima facie evidence of all matters required to be kept therein.

SEC. 6. Said board shall file with the governor on the 1st day of July of each year, an itemized statement of all the receipts and expenses of the board for the year.

SEC. 6a. All those now actually engaged in the occupation as barber, in this State, shall within ninety days after the approval of this act, file with said board an affidavit setting forth his name, residence and length of time, and the place where he has practiced the trade, and shall pay to the secretary of said board the fee of $1 and a certificate of registration shall be granted to him authorizing him to practice as barber in this State.

SEC. 7. Any person desiring to obtain a certificate of registration under this act shall make application to such board therefor, pay to the treasurer of said board an examination fee of three (3) dollars, present himself at the next regular meeting of the board