SEC. 10. No person shall operate a motor vehicle upon any way in this Commonwealth unless licensed under the provisions of this act, except as is otherwise herein provided; but the provisions of this section shall not prevent the operation of motor vehicles by unlicensed persons if riding with or accompanied by a licensed chauffeur or operator, excepting only persons who have been licensed and whose licenses are not in force because of revocation or suspension, and persons less than sixteen years of age; # * * During the period of ten days within which a motor vehicle of a nonresident may be operated on the ways of this State in accordance with the provisions of section three, such vehicle may be operated by its owner or by his chauffeur or employee without a license from the commission, if the operator is duly licensed under the laws of the State in which he resides, or has complied fully with the laws of the State of his residence respecting the licensing of operators of motor vehicles; * * * Except as herein before provided, no person shall operate a motor vehicle for hire or as a chauffeur unless specially licensed by the commission so to do, and while so operating every chauffeur shall display conspicuously the badge furnished to him by the commission upon the front of his outermost coat or garment, so that the distinguishing number or mark assigned to him by the commission shall be plainly visible.

SEC. 11. Every person operating an automobile shall have the certificate of registration for the vehicle and his license to operate upon his person or in the vehicle in some easily accessible place, except that the certificates of registration of dealers need not so be carried. *

*

SEC. 20. The commission may suspend or revoke any certificate of registration or any license issued to any person under the provisions of this act, after due hearing, for any cause which it may deem sufficient, and the commission may suspend the license of any operator or chauffeur in its discretion and without a hearing, and may order the license to be delivered to it, whenever it has reason to believe that the holder thereof is an improper or incompetent person to operate motor vehicles, or is operating improperly or so as to endanger the public; and neither the certificate of registration nor the license shall be reissued unless, upon examination or investigation, or after a hearing, the commission determines that the operator or chauffeur should again be permitted to operate.

Applications for license or registration must be made to the secretary of state in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado (county clerks may be authorized to issue licenses), Connecticut, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, and Vermont. In Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota and Ohio applications are made to this official who appoints boards of examiners. The State highway authorities receive and pass upon applications in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, the commissioner of motor vehicles in Maryland and New Jersey, the State treasurer in California, and the director of public works in the Philippine Islands.

The provisions as to qualifications are generally indefinite. Some provide that the applicant must demonstrate his ability, others that he give evidence of qualifications or pass such examination as may be required; while some require only a statement by the applicant as to his ability. Applicants must be 18 years of age in Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and the Philippine Islands; 16 years of age in California, Maine, Maryland, Ohio, and Rhode Island; and 15 years of age in Colorado.

The fee for examination is $5 in Alabama, Arizona, Illinois, New Hampshire, and New York; $3 in Minnesota and Ohio; $2 in California, Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mon

tana, New Jersey (for machines of less than 30 horsepower; for those of 30 horsepower and above, the fee is $4), Oregon, Pennsylvania and Vermont; $1.50 in Missouri; and $1 in Arkansas, Colorado and Rhode Island. In the Philippine Islands the fee is 2 pesos ($1). The term of license is usually one year, though in Maryland it continues until suspended or revoked.

Renewals require the payment of a fee of $3 in Illinois; $2.50 in Alabama; $2 in California, Indiana, Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey ($4 for vehicles of 30 or more horsepower), New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Vermont; $1.50 in Missouri; $1 in New Hampshire; 50 cents in Massachusetts; and 2 pesos ($1) in the Philippine Islands.

Licenses may be revoked for cause, and specifically for incompetence, intoxication, or violation of the motor vehicle law. Such revocation may be for 3 months in Rhode Island (perpetual for cause); for not more than 6 months in Colorado and Illinois (1 year for intoxication); and for not over one year in Pennsylvania. A revoked license may not be renewed until after 6 months in Arkansas.

Exemptions from the requirement to procure license are provided in behalf of nonresident licensed chauffeurs in Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts (for 10 days only, and in the service of a nonresident employer), Minnesota (60 days), Missouri (20 days), Montana, New Hampshire (in the service of his employer), New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Vermont.

HORSESHOERS.

In several States laws have been enacted requiring the examination and licensing of horseshoers, but have been condemned in some instances as unwarranted interferences with the liberty of the citizen to choose and follow a calling not requiring regulation on grounds of public health and comfort. Such laws were held unconstitutional by the courts of Illinois, New York, and Washington, but still remain on the statute books of a few jurisdictions, as follows:

Colorado.-Revised Statutes 1908, sections 2958–2965.
Hawaii. Acts of 1905, No. 46.

Maryland.-Acts of 1898, chapter 491.

Michigan.-Acts of 1899, No. 229 (amended by Act No. 205, Acts of 1909). Minnesota.-Revised Laws of 1905, sections 2354-2356.

The statute of Minnesota is as follows:

Examination and licensing of horseshoers.

SECTION 2354. The horseshoers' board of examiners shall consist of five members, residents of the State, appointed by the governor, each for the term of five years and until his successor qualifies. Two shall be master horseshoers, two journeyman horseshoers, and one a veterinarian. Each vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired term from the class to which the retiring member belonged. The board shall elect from its members a secretary, who shall record its proceedings, and it shall carry out the pro

State board.

Examina-visions of this subdivision. At least once a year, in every city of

tions.

Certificates.

Registration

required.

the first class, the board shall examine applicants for certificates of qualification to practice horseshoeing, and issue such certifi cates to those found qualified. A fee of two dollars shall be paid to the secretary by every person taking such examination, and such fees shall be used to defray the expenses of the board and pay its members. The secretary shall give public notice of every examination at least thirty days prior thereto. No person shall be entitled to take such examination or receive such certificate unless he shall have had three years' experience as a horseshoer, or have served three years as a learner or apprentice under a master.

SEC. 2355. All certificates shall be filed with the city clerk, and registered by him in a book kept for that purpose, upon receipt of a fee of twenty-five cents. Any person so registered shall be entitled to registration in any other city to which he may have removed, upon filing with the clerk thereof a certified copy of such certificate, the fee for which copy shall be fifty cents, and for filing the same twenty-five cents. Persons who were duly registered prior to the taking effect of the Revised Laws shall be exempt from examination.

SEC. 2356. No person shall practice horseshoeing in any such city, otherwise than as a learner or apprentice under a master horseshoer, unless he is registered in accordance with this subdivision. Any person who shall present to a city clerk any certificate which has been fraudulently obtained, or who shall violate, or neglect to comply with, any provision of this subdivision, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

The law of Maryland specifically relates to Baltimore only, while that of Colorado is restricted by a population limitation to Denver. In Michigan the law applies only in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants, and in Minnesota only in cities of the first class.

The examining board is appointed by the governor and consists of 3 persons in Colorado and of 5 in Maryland, Michigan, and Minnesota. One member is to be a veterinary surgeon and the others horseshoers of prescribed experience. In Hawaii the high sheriff of the Territory, or any sheriff, may examine applicants.

The examination is to be a practical one, and boards may fix necessary regulations, etc. Examinations are to be held twice a year in Maryland and Michigan, at least once a year in Minnesota, and as often as necessary in Colorado.

The fee for examination and license is $5 in Hawaii, $3 in Michigan, and $2 in Colorado, Maryland, and Minnesota. A registration fee of 25 cents in the city or county is required in Colorado, Maryland, and Minnesota. The license fee of $5 must be paid annually in Hawaii, while an annual renewal fee of $1 is required in Michigan.

No age limit is fixed for applicants except in Michigan, where it is 18 years. Apprentices must serve not more than 3 years in Colorado, and 3 years in Maryland and Minnesota.

OPERATORS OF MOVING-PICTURE MACHINES.

License to operate cinematographs or similar apparatus is required by the laws of Maine, Acts of 1909, chapter 21; Maryland (Baltimore

only), Acts of 1910, page 603; and New York (cities of the first class), Acts of 1911, chapter 252.

License is granted by the municipal officers in Maine, by a board appointed by the governor in Maryland, and by local licensing officers designated by the mayors in New York.

The fee is $10 in Maryland, and in the discretion of the board in Maine. No mention is made of a fee in the New York law, but is perhaps included in the power of the licensing officer as to rules and regulations.

The term of the license is uniformly one year. The renewal fee is fixed at $5 in Maryland, and is apparently in the discretion of the authorities in Maine and New York.

Applicants must be 18 years of age in Maine, and 21 in Maryland and New York. Experience of six months is required in New York and of one year in Maryland. All the laws require such a test of the applicant's knowledge of the apparatus as will satisfy the authorities of his competency.

Licenses may be revoked for cause, in Maryland for a period of not more than six months for one offense, and in New York without restriction as to time.

PLUMBERS.

The number of jurisdictions requiring plumbers to be registered, usually after an examination, is larger than that for any of the occupations already considered except chauffeurs. The list is as follows: Arkansas.-Acts of 1911, act 235.

California.-General Laws of 1906, acts 2838, 2839.

Colorado.-Revised Statutes of 1908, sections 4919-4930.

District of Columbia.-Acts of United States Congress, 1897-8, chapter 467. Delaware (Wilmington only).—Acts of 1913, chapter 209.

Illinois.-Revised Statutes, 1906, sections 498-504; Acts of 1909, page 132. Kansas.-General Statutes of 1909, chapter 16, sections 835-841.

Louisiana (New Orleans only).-Acts of 1902, No. 194.

Maine. Acts of 1905, chapter 71.

Maryland.-Annotated Code of 1911, chapter 43, sections 223–229.

Massachusetts.-Acts of 1909, chapters 536; Acts of 1910, chapter 597; Acts of 1912, chapter 518.

Michigan.-Acts of 1901, No. 222.

Missouri.-Revised Statutes of 1909, sections 9670 to 9681 (amended by Acts of 1913, page 536).

Montana.-Acts of 1913, chapter 29.

Nebraska (Lincoln only).-Revised Statutes, 1913, sections 5274-5287.

New Hampshire.-Acts of 1899, chapter 55 (amended by Acts of 1913, chapter 32).

New York.-Consolidated Laws of 1909, chapter 21, sections 40 to 57.
Oregon.-Laws, 1910, chapter IX.

Pennsylvania.-Acts of 1909, Act 657; Acts of 1911, page 680; Acts of 1913, Nos. 192, 317.

Porto Rico.-Acts of 1913, No. 62.

Texas.-Revised Civil Statutes of 1911, sections 986-998.

Virginia.-Code of 1904, section 1743d.

Wisconsin.-Statutes of 1911 (amended by chapter 731, Acts of 1913, sections 959-53 to 959-59m).

The law of the State of Kansas is reproduced as fairly representative of laws of this class.

License quired.

re

Examination.

Boards of examiners.

Duties boards.

Place of amination.

Violations.

of

ex

Examination and licensing of plumbers.

SECTION 835. Any person now or hereafter engaging or working at the business of plumbing in cities of seven thousand population or more in this State, either as master plumber or employing plumber or as a journeyman plumber, shall first receive a certificate thereof in accordance with the provisions of this act.

SEC. 836. Any person desiring to engage in or work at the business of plumbing, either as a master plumber or employing plumber or as a journeyman plumber, in cities having a population of seven thousand or more and a system of water supply or sewerage, shall make application to a board of examiners hereinafter provided for, and shall at such times and place as said board may designate be compelled to pass such examination as to his qualifications as said board may direct. Said examination may be made in whole or in part in writing and shall be of a practical and elementary character, but sufficiently strict to test the qualifications of the applicant.

SEC. 837. There shall be in every city of seven thousand inhabitants or more a board of examiners of plumbers consisting of three members, one of which shall be chairman of the board of health, who shall be ex officio chairman of said board of examiners; a second member, who shall be a master plumber; and a third member, who shall be a journeyman plumber. Said second and third members shall be appointed by the mayor and approved by the council of said city within three months after the passage of this act, for the term of one year from the 1st day of May in the year of appointment, thereafter annually before the 1st day of May, and shall be paid from the treasury of said city the same as other officers, in such sum as the authorities may designate.

SEC. 838. Said board of examiners shall, as soon as may be after their appointment, meet, and shall then designate the times and places for examination of all applicants desiring to engage in or work at the business of plumbing within their respective juris diction. Said board shall examine said applicants as to the practical knowledge of plumbing, house drainage, and plumbing ventilation, and, if satisfied of the competency of such applicants, shall thereupon issue a certificate to such applicant authorizing him to engage in or work at the business of plumbing, either as master plumber or employing plumber or as a journeyman plumber. The fee for a certificate for a master plumber or employing plumber shall be five dollars; for a journeyman plumber, it shall be two dollars. Said certificate shall be valid and have force throughout the State, and all fees received for said certificates shall be paid into the treasury of the city where such certificates are issued.

SEC. 839. [Requires certain cities to pass ordinances as to plumbing construction and inspection.]

SEC. 840. All persons who are required by this act to take examinations and procure a certificate as required by this act shall apply to the board in the city where they reside, or to the board nearest their place of residence.

SEC. 841. Any person violating any provision of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be subject to a fine of not less than five dollars nor exceeding fifty dollars for each and every violation thereof.

These laws vary greatly in their scope, the laws of California, District of Columbia, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Porto Rico applying generally within the respective jurisdictions; that of New York to all cities, with a special law for the City of New York;