that of New Hampshire to all cities and to all towns accepting its provisions; that of Maine to all cities and towns having municipal waterworks; that of Texas to cities having underground sewers or cesspools; that of Arkansas to cities of the first and second class; that of Pennsylvania to cities of the first, second, and third class; that of Wisconsin to cities of the first, second, and third class, and to cities of the fourth class adopting its provisions; while in a number of States the law applies where the population of the city or town. reaches a certain minimum. This minimum is 3,000 in Montana, 4,000 in Oregon, 5,000 in Illinois and Missouri, 7,000 in Kansas, 8,000 in Virginia, and 15,000 in Michigan. The boards are generally local, being appointed by the mayor in most instances, and usually consist of representatives of master plumbers and of journeyman plumbers and an inspector of plumbing or other official of the city or town. Boards acting throughout the entire jurisdiction exist in the District of Columbia. Maryland, Massachusetts, and Porto Rico. Examinations are to be held in most States at the discretion of the board, but must be held at least quarterly under the law of Michigan; at least once a year in the city of Baltimore, Md.; "frequent examinations" in the city of Boston, and twice a year in five other cities of Massachusetts. The fees charged are usually different for masters and for journeymen. The fee for masters is $50 in Illinois; $10 in Montana and Wisconsin; $5 in Kansas and Pennsylvania; $3 in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Texas; and $2 in Massachusetts. Fees for journeymen are $2 in Kansas, Maryland, Montana, Texas, and Wisconsin; $1 in Illinois and Virginia; and 50 cents in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. States making no difference in the fees for masters and for journeymen are Arkansas and New York, where the amount is $5; Michigan and Missouri, $2; and New Hampshire and Oregon, $1. The term of the license is not indicated in a number of States, and would seem not to be limited in them. It is fixed at five years in Texas, and at one year in Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Texas, and Virginia. The fee for renewal, like the original fee, may differ for masters and for journeymen, but is more frequently the same for both classes. Masters' licenses may be renewed on payment of $10 in Illinois; $5 in Wisconsin; $2.50 in Montana; and $1 in Pennsylvania. For journeymen the fee is $1 in Illinois, Montana, and Wisconsin; 50 cents in Virginia, and 25 cents in Pennsylvania. The fee is the same. for both classes in the following States: $5 in Arkansas and New York (apparently); $1 in Maryland, Missouri, and Oregon; and 50 cents in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. No fee seems to be charged for renewals in Texas. The requirements as to examination are not explicit in the laws. The examinations are to be "practical," or "theoretical and practical," or "satisfactory." Good character is mentioned as a qualification in a few instances; and a minimum age limit of 21 years is fixed in the District of Columbia, and of 18 years for journeymen and 21 years for masters in Porto Rico. A few laws require apprentices to be registered, but without fee. Provisions for revocation of license are contained in a few of the laws, the grounds being fraud or misrepresentation in procuring the license (Maryland); misconduct (New York); incompetency (Virginia), etc. STEAM ENGINEERS, FIREMEN, ETC. The employees considered under this head are stationary engineers and firemen, and certain employees on steamboats. Employees on railroads and engineers in mines are not included here, the laws relating to them being reproduced in full under the respective State headings. Stationary engineers are required to be licensed in the following jurisdictions: District of Columbia.-Acts of United States Congress, 1886-87, chapter 272. Georgia.-Acts of 1910, page 112 (amended by Acts of 1912, page 158). Maryland.-Code of Public Laws, section 427, article 4, City of Baltimore, Miscellaneous Local Laws, Revision of 1898 (amended by chapter 662, Acts of 1910). Massachusetts.-Revised Laws of 1902, chapter 102, sections 82 to 86 (amended by chapter 310, Acts of 1905: chapter 373, Acts of 1907; chapter 562, Acts of 1911 and chapter 209, Acts of 1913). Minnesota.-Revised Laws of 1905, sections 2168 to 2186. Montana.-Revised Codes of 1907, sections 1639 to 1659 (amended by chapter 10, Acts of 1911; chapter 30, Acts of 1913). Nevada.-Acts of 1905, chapter 112. New Jersey.-Acts of 1913, chapter 363. Ohio.-General Code of 1910, sections 1039 to 1057 (amended by Acts of 1910, page 361, Acts of 1911, page 494; Acts of 1913, page 95). Pennsylvania.-Digest 1893-1903, page 535; Acts of 1905, No. 75; Acts of 1913, No. 152. The laws of Georgia, Massachusetts, and Montana include firemen in their provisions; while a statute of Ohio (General Code, sections 1058-1 to 1058-5) contains independent provisions for persons in charge of steam boilers, and a law of New York (acts of 1901, chapter 733) regulates the employment of firemen in New York City. The law of Montana requires engineers of traction engines to be licensed. The scope of the laws varies, that of Georgia applying only in counties having a population of 70,000 or above, and excepting saw and grist mills, etc., in rural districts; that of Massachusetts excepting agricultural engines, heating boilers, and engines of less than 9 horse power; while the law of Missouri applies only in cities of over 20,000 population, and that of Pennsylvania in cities of the first and second class, and in cities of the third class having a boiler inspector. The examiners are State boards in Maryland, Minnesota and Montana; the State industrial commission in Ohio; the boiler inspection department of the district police in Massachusetts; a bureau of the department of labor in New Jersey; county boards in Georgia and Nevada; a board designated by the commissioners in the District of Columbia; city boiler inspectors in Pennsylvania; and local incorporated associations in Missouri. No time seems to be fixed for the holding of examinations except in Maryland, where weekly meetings of the board are prescribed in Baltimore. Other laws provide for examinations on application, or at times fixed by the boards, in Massachusetts, not oftener than every 90 days. In some States licenses are classified according to the power, etc., of the engine or boiler to be operated. Thus there are 6 grades of engineers' licenses and 4 grades of firemen's licenses in Massachusetts, 4 grades of engineers' licenses in Maryland and Minnesota, three in Montana, and 2 in Pennsylvania. The fee for an examination is $5 in Nevada; $3 in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Pennsylvania; $2 in Ohio; and $1 in Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Missouri. In Montana $7.50 is the fee for a license of the first class, $5 for one of the second class, and $3 for one of the third class. The fee is fixed by the board in Georgia and New Jersey (not over $2). The term is not limited in a number of States, but is fixed at one year in Maryland, Montana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and two years in Minnesota. The fee for renewal is $2 in Ohio, $1.50 in Maryland, and $1 in Minnesota, Montana, and Pennsylvania. The qualifications of applicants are not specifically indicated in most cases, the subject of fitness being usually left to the test of examination, which is to be practical, including technical subjects in a number of States, especially for licenses of the higher grades. Experience of from one to three years is required in several laws, and in a few instances an age limit is fixed. Moral character, with special reference to temperate habits, is mentioned in some laws. Forfeiture of license on account of negligence, intoxication, violations of laws or regulations, etc., is quite generally provided for. The employees on steam vessels, etc., required to be licensed before taking employment are engineers, captains, masters, and pilots on steam vessels, and operators of electric, naphtha or gasoline launches or boats serving as common carriers, the classes included varying in the different States. The States having laws on this subject are: Maine. Revised Statutes, 1903, chapter 54, section 12. Michigan.-Acts of 1909, No. 113. Minnesota.-Revised Laws, 1905, section 2174. New Hampshire.-Acts of 1913, chapter 185. New Jersey.-Compiled Statutes of 1910, pages 3699, 3700, 3707. New York.-Consolidated Laws of 1909, chapter 37, sections 4, 17, 33, 34. Philippine Islands.-Laws of United States Philippine Commission, 1902, Act No. 780 (amended by Acts Nos. 1025, 1317, 1522, 1602). Washington.-Codes and Statutes of 1910, sections 8226, 8233, 8238. United States.-Compiled Laws of 1901, section 4426 (amended by act of March 3, 1905), page 3029; Act of January 18, 1897, sections 1, 4438 (amended by act of May 28, 1908), section 4441, 4446 (amended by act of February 19, 1907), 4448. The law applies to engineers only in Michigan, New Jersey and New York; to masters, pilots and engineers in Maine, Minnesota, and Washington; to captains, masters, pilots and engineers of steam vessels, and to operators of electric, naphtha, gasoline, etc., boats used as common carriers in New Hampshire; to masters, mates, patrons and engineers in the Philippine Islands; and masters, chief mates, second and third mates if in charge of a watch, engineers and pilots of all steam vessels, masters of sail vessels of over seven hundred gross tons and of all other vessels of over one hundred gross tons carrying passengers for hire, in the United States. The laws of the States generally except in terms those persons who are holders of a Federal license. The examiners are boards of steamboat inspectors in Maine, New Jersey, New York, Philippine Islands, and the United States; the public service commission in New Hampshire; the State boiler inspectors in Minnesota; and the State commissioner of labor in Michigan. The frequency of examinations is not prescribed except that in the Philippine Islands they are to be held monthly in Manila. In several cases the fees charged are not indicated, being presumably fixed by the boards in their power to make regulations. There are grades of licenses prescribed in some laws, while in others but a single class seems to be contemplated. The fee for an examination is $10 for an engineer in the Philippine Islands, and $5 for mates, patrons, and assistant engineers; $5 in New Jersey ($2 additional for filing), New York and Washington; $2 in New Hampshire ($1 for special license restricted to employment on a single vessel); and $1 in Minnesota. The term of the license is one year in Maine, Michigan, New York, Philippine Islands, Washington, and the United States (for engineers and pilots); 2 years in Minnesota; and 5 years in the United States for masters and mates. The renewal fee is designated as $1 in Minnesota, and $3 in New York. Where the age limit is fixed it is usually 21 years, though 18 and 19 years are fixed by the Philippine Commission as the ages at which certain classes of employees may secure licenses. Experience of from one to three years, varying with the class of license applied for, and fit habits and character are also qualifications prescribed. Licenses may be revoked for intemperance, incompetence, or violation of the laws. MISCELLANEOUS. Aeronauts.-The State of Connecticut, Acts of 1911, chapter 86, requires owners of airships to register each year in the office of the secretary of state their names and addresses and description of each airship owned by them. Operators must be licensed, following an examination by the secretary of state or by a person designated by him, though a license may be given without examination to persons in good standing holding licenses of associations for the promotion of aeronautics. Licenses are of three classes, to operate spherical balloons, to operate dirigibles and to operate air planes or heavier-thanair machines. The fee for examination is $25 and for a license $2. Licenses are valid for the term of one year and may be revoked for cause. An applicant for license must be at least 21 years of age and must satisfy the secretary of state that he is a proper person to receive the license applied for. Electricians.-The State of Louisiana, Acts of 1908, No. 178, requires all master electricians in cities of more than 50,000 population to apply to the board of electrical examiners and supervisors for a license before engaging in business. At least one member of a firm or corporation must hold such license. The fee for the original examination is $25 and for renewals is $10. The term is one year, but licenses may be revoked for cause. A bond is required before the business is entered upon, and licenses become void upon the expiration of this bond. Applicants must be 21 years of age and have had at least three years' experience. The examination covers the subjects of the laws of electricity, the use of electrical wires, appliances, and devices for light, heat, and power. Elevator operators.-In the State of Minnesota (Revised Laws of 1905, section 761), persons desiring to operate passenger elevators in any city of the first class must be licensed by a building inspector. An examination on the subject of the construction of elevators, and proofs of experience and ability to operate the same are required. The fee for issuing a license is 25 cents. |