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The time within which the action must be brought is generally fixed, ranging from six months in Porto Rico to three years in Montana. Sixteen States have a limitation of one year and 25 of two years.

Persons properly classified as beneficiaries must be found to bring the action, the persons so named by the English act being the wife, husband, parent, or child of the deceased person. In most States, however, the use of the words "personal representatives" implies a less restricted class of beneficiaries, though the action is for the benefit of the heirs, and the amount recovered is in most instances not liable for the debts of the decedent.

The law of the District of Columbia on this subject (sections 1301– 1303, Code of 1911) is presented in full as a type of this class of laws:

Right of action.

Amount coverable.

Limitation.

Injuries causing death.

SECTION 1301. Whenever by any injury done or happening within the limits of the District of Columbia the death of a person shall be caused by the wrongful act, neglect, or default of any person or corporation, and the act, neglect, or default is such as would, if death had not ensued, have entitled the party injured, or if the person injured be a married woman, have entitled her husband, either separately or by joining with the wife, to maintain an action and recover damages, the person who or corporation which would have been liable if death had not ensued shall be liable to an action for damages for such death, notwithstanding the death of the person injured, even though the death shall have been caused under circumstances which constitute a felony; and such damages shall be assessed with reference to the injury resulting from such act, neglect, or default causing such death, to the widow and next re- of kin of such deceased person: Provided, That in no case shall the recovery under this act exceed the sum of ten thousand dollars: And provided further, That no action shall be maintained under this chapter in any case when the party injured by such wrongful act, neglect, or default has recovered damages therefor during the life of such party.

Distribution.

SEC. 1302. Every such action shall be brought by and in the name of the personal representative of such deceased person, and within one year after the death of the party injured.

SEC. 1303. The damages recovered in such action shall not be appropriated to the payment of the debts or liabilities of such deceased person, but shall inure to the benefit of his or her family and be distributed according to the provisions of the statute of distribution in force in the said District of Columbia.

Following is a list of the various States, etc., having laws on this subject:

Alabama.-Code of 1907, sections 2485, 2486, 4839.

Arizona.-Revised Statutes of 1901, sections 2764 to 2766 (amended by chapter 16, Acts of 1909).

Arkansas.-Digest of 1904, sections 6289, 6290.

California.-Code of Civil Procedure, sections 340, 377.

Colorado.-Revised Statutes of 1908, sections 2057 to 2059.

Connecticut.-Acts of 1913, chapter 148.

Delaware.-Revised Code, edition of 1893, page 788; Acts of 1897, chapter 594.

District of Columbia.-Code, sections 1301 to 1303.

Florida.-General Statutes of 1906, sections 3145, 3146.

Georgia.-Code of 1911, sections 4422 to 4426.

Idaho.-Revised Code, sections 4055, 4100.

Illinois. Revised Statutes of 1905, chapter 70, sections 1, 2.

Indiana. Annotated Statutes, revision of 1901, section 285.

Iowa.-Code of 1897, sections 3313, 3443, 3447.

Kansas.-General Statutes of 1909, sections 6014, 6015.

Kentucky.-Constitution, section 241; Statutes of 1903, sections 6, 2516.
Louisiana.-Civil Code, article 2315.

Maine.-Revised Statutes of 1903, chapter 89, sections 9, 10.

Maryland.-Public General Laws of 1903, article 67, sections 1 to 4.

Massachusetts.-Revised Laws of 1902, chapter 106, sections 72 to 75.

Michigan.-Compiled Laws of 1897, sections 6308, 6309, 6389, 6390, 10427,

10428.

Minnesota.-Revised Laws of 1905, section 4503 (amended by chapter 281, Acts of 1911).

Mississippi.-Code of 1906, section 721.

Missouri.-Revised Statutes of 1909, sections 5425 to 5427.

Montana.-Code of Civil Procedure of 1907, sections 6447, 6486.

Nebraska.-Annotated Statutes, edition of 1911, sections 5199, 5200.

Nevada.-Revised Laws of 1912, sections 4967, 4997.

New Hampshire.-Public Statutes, 1891, chapter 191, sections 8 to 12 (amended by chapter 201, Acts of 1913).

New Jersey.-Compiled Statutes of 1910, pages 1907 to 1911 (amended by chapter 287, Acts of 1913).

New Mexico.-Compiled Laws of 1897, sections 3214, 3250.

New York.-Constitution, article 1, section 18; Code of Civil Procedure, sections 841a, 1902 to 1905 (amended by chapter 221, Acts of 1909; chapters 228 and 756, Acts of 1913).

North Carolina.-Revisal of 1905, sections 59, 60.

North Dakota.-Revised Codes, sections 6785, 6789, 7686 to 7691.

Ohio.-General Code of 1910, sections 10770–10773 (amended by Acts of 1910, pages 198, 199; Acts of 1913, pages 116, 117).

Oregon.-Laws of 1910, section 380.

Pennsylvania.-Constitution, section 68; Brightly's Purdon's Digest, page 1603 (amended by Acts of 1911, page 678).

Porto Rico.-Revised Statutes of 1911, sections 5044, 5045.

Rhode Island.-General Laws of 1909, chapter 283, sections 14, 15.
South Carolina.-Civil Code of 1912, sections 3955 to 3958, 3963.

South Dakota.-Code of Civil Procedure, 1903, section 746; Acts of 1909, chapter 301.

Tennessee.-Shannon's Code, 1896, sections 4025 to 4029; Supplement of 1904, pages 666, 667.

Texas.-Revised Civil Statutes of 1911, articles 1838, 4694 to 4704 (amended by chapter 143, Acts of 1913).

Utah.-Compiled Laws of 1907, sections 2873, 2878, 2911, 2912.
Vermont.-Public Statutes of 1906, sections 2839, 2840.

Virginia.-Code of 1904, sections 2902, 2903, 2906.

Washington.-Annotated Codes and Statutes of 1910, sections 170, 183, 194. West Virginia.-Code of 1899, chapter 103, sections 5, 6.

Wisconsin.-Statutes of 1911, sections 2394-1, 2394-14 to 2394-25, 4224, 4255,

4256.

Wyoming.-Compiled Statutes of 1910, sections 4291, 4292.

HOURS OF LABOR ON PUBLIC ROADS.

The laws designating the hours of labor on public roads apply principally to the working out of taxes, and relate less to the employment of labor than to the regulations adopted by the people through their representatives for the determination of the time of their own service in this particular. They They are significant, however, as indicating what is considered a day's labor in a form of public work, though they establish a minimum day rather than fix a limit beyond which labor is forbidden.

The hours of labor prescribed by the laws of the various States, etc., which have laws on this subject are as follows:

Eight hours.

Alaska.-Compiled Laws of 1913, section 36.

Arkansas.-Digest of 1904, section 7306.

Colorado.-Revised Statutes of 1908, section 5792.

Idaho.-Revised Codes of 1908, section 909.

Illinois. Revised Statutes of 1905, chapter 121, section 99.

Indiana. Acts of 1905, chapter 167, section 95; Acts of 1913, chapter 329, section 8.

Iowa.-Code of 1897, section 1535.

Kansas.-General Statutes of 1909, section 7291.

Kentucky. Statutes of 1903, section 4308.

Mississippi.-Code of 1906, section 4416.

Montana.-Revised Codes of 1907, sections 1344, 1360.

Nevada.-Revised Laws of 1912, section 3035.

New Jersey.-Compiled Statutes of 1910, page 4444, section 53; page 4448, section 66a5.

New York.-Compiled Laws of 1909, page 1518.
North Dakota.-Revised Codes, section 1431.

Oklahoma.-Revised Laws of 1910, section 7566.

Oregon.-Laws of 1910, section 6433 (prisoners only).

Philippine Islands.-Acts of Philippine Commission, No. 1511.

South Dakota.-Political Code, 1903, section 1692.

Tennessee.-Shannon's Code, 1896, section 1671.

Texas.-Acts of 1913, chapter 68.

Utah.-Compiled Laws of 1907, section 1743.
Wisconsin.-Statutes of 1911, section 1248.

Wyoming.-Revised Statutes of 1899, section 1943.

Not less than seven nor more than ten hours.

North Carolina.-Revisal of 1905, section 2721.

Ten hours.

South Carolina.-Civil Code of 1912, section 1977.

PUBLIC PRINTING TO BE DONE WITHIN THE STATE.

The provision found in the laws of a number of States requiring public printing to be done within the State is doubtless intended to favor local industry. In some States a proviso is added allowing bids from outside the State to be secured where the difference in cost would seem to warrant, or where there appears to be a combination in the State to maintain prices and prevent free competition.

The following States have laws directing printing to be done within the State:

Alabama.-Code of 1907, section 1657.

Arkansas.-Digest of 1904, section 6421 (as amended by act No. 270, Acts

of 1905).

Florida.-General Statutes of 1906, section 654.

Idaho.-Revised Codes of 1908, sections 1474, 1476.

Illinois.-Revised Statutes of 1905, chapter 127, section 13.

Kansas.-Constitution, article 15, section 230; General Statutes of 1909, sections 8166, 8174.

Kentucky.-Statutes of 1903, section 3954.

Minnesota.-Revised Laws of 1905, section 2271.

Missouri.-Revised Statutes of 1909, section 10342.

New Hampshire.-Acts of 1901, chapter 84 (amended by chapter 132, Acts of 1913).

New Jersey.-Compiled Statutes, 1910, section 4205.

North Dakota.-Revised Codes, 1905, section 2282 (amended by chapter 185, Acts of 1907).

Ohio.-General Code of 1910, section 763 (amended by Acts of 1911, page 448). Tennessee.-Acts of 1907, chapter 593.

Texas.-Revised Statutes of 1911, section 6340.

Of these States the following make provision for bids from outside the State when one or both the conditions named above exist: Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, North Dakota (allows a difference of 15 per cent), and Tennessee.

The following States, etc., have provided for public printing offices:
California.-Political Code of 1906, sections 526-540.

Kansas.-General Statutes of 1909, sections 8166 to 8192.
Nevada.-Revised Laws of 1912, sections 4305-4340.

Oregon.-Constitution, Article XII, section 1; Acts of 1911, chapter 266.
Philippine Islands.-Acts of U. S. Philippine Commission, 1907, No. 296.
Porto Rico.-Political Code of 1911, section 2718.

COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS.

A number of States have special laws providing for the formation of cooperative associations for profit. So far as productive associations are concerned the intention of these laws is to provide for the formation of industrial undertakings by groups of persons associated to manage a business in corporate form, the labor of which shall be furnished largely or exclusively by the members themselves. The laws of the various States vary considerably in detail, but the essential features are so similar that no summary or digest is necessary. As fairly representative of this class of laws, the law of Illinois, found in the Revised Statutes of 1905, is reproduced in full:

CHAPTER 32.-Cooperative associations.

SECTION 103. Whenever any number of persons not less than Mode of inthree nor more than seven, may desire to become incorporated as corporation. a cooperative association for the purpose of prosecuting any branch of industry, they shall make a statement to that effect under their hands and seals, duly acknowledged before some officer in the manner provided for the acknowledgment of deeds, setting forth the name of the proposed corporation, its capital stock, its location, and duration of the association, and the particular branch of industry which they intend to prosecute, which statement shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state. The secretary of state shall thereupon issue to such persons a license as commissioners to open books for subscription to the capital stock of such association, at such time and place as they may determine. No license shall be issued to two associations of the same name. The name of the city, village or town in which the association may be located shall form no part of the name.

SEC. 104. No person shall be permitted to subscribe more nor less But one share than one share to the capital stock of such association, nor shall of stock to be held. any person be permitted in any manner to own or control more or less than one share in such association.

SEC. 105. As soon as ten shares or more of the capital stock Organization. shall be subscribed, the commissioners shall convene a meeting of the subscribers for the purpose of electing directors, adopting bylaws and transacting such other business as shall properly come before them. Notice thereof shall be given by depositing in the

Report of proceedings.

Certificate.

Powers.

Board of directors.

Officers.

post office, properly addressed to each subscriber, at least ten days, before the time fixed, a written or printed notice, stating the object, time and place of such meeting. Directors of associations organized under this act shall be elected, classified, and hold their office for such period of time as is provided by general law governing the election and classification of directors, trustees or managers of corporations.

SEC. 106. The commissioners shall make a full report of their proceedings, including therein a copy of the notice provided for in the foregoing section, a copy of the subscription list, a copy of the by-laws adopted by the association, and the names of the directors elected and their respective terms of office, which report shall be sworn to by at least a majority of the commissioners, and shall be filed in the office of the secretary of state. The secretary shall thereupon issue a certificate of the complete organization of the association, making a part thereof a copy of all papers filed in his office in and about the organization of the corporation, and duly authenticated under his hand and seal of state; and the same shall be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds in the county in which the principal office of such association is located. Upon the recording of said copy the association shall be deemed fully organized, and may proceed to business. Unless such association shall be organized and shall proceed to business within three years after the date of such license, the license to form such association shall be deemed revoked, and all proceedings thereunder shall be void.

SEC. 107. Associations formed under this act shall be bodies corporate and politic for the period for which they are organized, may sue and be sued, may have a common seal, which they may alter or renew at pleasure; may own, possess and enjoy so much real and personal estate as shall be necessary for the transaction of their business, and may sell and dispose of the same when, in the opinion of the shareholders, it is not required for the uses of the association. They may borrow money at legal rates of interest, and pledge their property, both real and personal, to secure payment thereof, and may have and exercise all powers necessary and requisite to carry into effect the objects for which they may be formed.

SEC. 108. The corporate powers shall be exercised by a board of directors, the number of which shall be fixed by the by-laws of the association, but the number may be increased or diminished by a majority of the shareholders at any properly called meeting. The officers of the association shall consist of a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer, to be elected by the shareholders at their annual meeting as may be provided for in the by-laws of the association; who shall be elected at some regular meeting of the shareholders as may be by by-laws provided. All by-laws of the association shall be adopted by the shareholders of the association. Compensation SEC. 109. No officer or director shall receive any compensation of officers, etc. for his services except such as may be provided for in the by-laws of the association. It shall be the duty of the secretary to be present at all meetings of the directors and meetings of the shareholders, and faithfully make and preserve a record of all the proceedings of such meetings, which record shall be kept in a suitable place accessible to the inspection of any shareholder. He shall be the bookkeeper of the association, shall keep the accounts between the association and the individual shareholders, officers and agents thereof, and between the association and all parties with whom it may transact business, and such other duties as may be imposed upon him by the by-laws of the association.

Value shares.

of SEC. 110. The shares of stock shall not be less than $50 nor more than $2,000 per share, and subscriptions therefor shall be made payable to the association, and in installments, and at such time or times as shall be determined by the shareholders, and an action may be maintained in the name of the association to recover any installment which shall remain due and unpaid for the period of thirty days after personal demand therefor; or in cases where personal demand is not made, within thirty days after a written

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