Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Porto Rico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.

General election days.—Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada,' New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon Pennsylvania, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Primary election days.-California, Nevada, Missouri, South Dakota, Wisconsin.

Good Friday.-Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, and Tennessee.

Labor Day.-May 1-Philippine Islands; Day set by governor: Wisconsin; The first Monday in September: All other jurisdictions except New Mexico and Wyoming.

Mardi Gras.-Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana."

10

13

Saturdays after 12 o'clock noon.-Colorado," Delaware,' District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland," ," Michigan, Missouri," New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia." Thanksgiving Day (whenever appointed).—All jurisdictions except Hawaii. Regatta Day-Third Saturday in September.—Hawaii. Thursday of Fair week.-South Carolina.10

Thursday of Holy Week.-Philippine Islands.

CONVICT LABOR.

The United States and every political division thereof have by legislative action adopted regulations and directions as to the employment of convicts during the term of their detention. Six systems of employment are generally recognized, as follows:

The lease system.-Under this system the contractors assume practically the entire control of the convicts, including their maintenance and discipline, subject, however, to the regulations fixed by statute. In general, the prisoners are removed from the prisons and are employed in outdoor labor, such as mining, agriculture, railroad construction, etc., though manufacturing is sometimes carried on. The nature and duration of the employment are, within the restrictions of the law, fixed by the lease.

The contract system.-The employment under this system is usually within the prison shops or yards, discipline and control remaining in the hands of the officers, only the labor of the convicts being let to and directed by the contractors for manufacturing purposes. The State usually furnishes shop room, and sometimes also provides power and machinery.

The piece-price system,-Not only the discipline of the convicts, but the direction of their labor as well, is retained by the State under this system, the contractors furnishing the material to be made up and receiving the finished product, an agreed price per piece being paid for the labor bestowed.

Cities of 100,000 population or over, during the months of June, July, and August. Applies only to Newcastle County. In the city of Wilmington the law applies every Saturday in the year, in the rest of the county only from June to September, inclusive. $ In cities of 200,000 inhabitants or over.

For banks, etc., in cities of over 35,000 population.

10 Cities and towns of over 15,000 population.

11 In Baltimore, Annapolis, Baltimore County, Harford County, and Montgomery County.

12 Cities of over 300,000 population.

13 In Charleston and Richland counties only.

14 Entire Saturday a holiday as to commercial paper.

15 In Mississippi, the fourth Thursday in November.

16 In counties where the State Agricultural and Mechanical Society holds an annual fair.

The public-account system.-There is no intervention of outside parties under this system, the employment of the convicts being in all respects directed by the State, and the products of their labor being sold for its benefit.

The State-use system. This system is similar to the above, except that such articles are produced as will be of service to the State in supplying and maintaining its various institutions, and are appropriated to such use instead o being put on the general market.

The public-works-and-ways system.-Under this system convicts are employed in the construction and repair of public buildings, streets, highways, and other public works.

Following is a statement in brief of the principal points covered by the laws of each State. The term " county convicts" is used with reference to those sentenced to terms in a county jail or workhouse, and "State convicts" to those serving terms in a State institution.

ALABAMA.

Control.-A board of inspectors, appointed by the governor, has control of all State convicts, and of all county convicts employed outside the county of sentence. This board prescribes the nature, conditions, and places of employment of convicts, makes rules for their control, and must inspect biweekly their quarters, clothing, and general condition.

The county commissioners retain control of county convicts employed within the county of sentence. A superintendent of public works may be appointed to have charge of the convicts employed by a county on its roads, bridges, etc.

Systems of employment.-All systems named above are authorized, employment on public works and ways being used only for the working of male county convicts.

Regulations. All contracts must be prepared under the supervision of the attorney-general of the State and be approved by the governor. Labor must be of the kind and at the place named in the contract, and no rehiring is allowable except upon recommendation of the board of inspectors, approved by the governor. No one may be hired to a relative, nor to one personally hostile or of inhumane disposition.

Not less than 20 convicts may be hired to any one person or kept in any one prison. This limitation does not apply to mines and quarries, nor to county convicts employed in the county of conviction. Each contractor must keep his convicts in a prison which has been approved by the board.

Convicts employed in mines must be, and those employed elsewhere may be, tasked, and after performing their allotted tasks they may be allowed to work for themselves, the proceeds of their labor to be disposed of according to the rules of the board.

Mining and farming on State lands and the erection of State factories are mentioned.

No labor may be required on Sundays, Christmas Day, the Fourth of July, and Thanksgiving Day.

Physically disabled convicts, or those injured by such labor, are not to be worked in mines, nor may any task be required of a convict for which he has been declared unfit by the physician inspector.

Convicts must be separated according to the grade of their offenses, and according to sex and race. Those under 16 years of age must be confined and worked only in a reformatory located on property owned by the State, to which county convicts may also be sent.

Female guards are to be employed for female convicts. Cruel and excessive punishments are forbidden; corporal punishment is permitted.

Each convict must be furnished at discharge, by the person having him in possession or control at the time, with a suit of clothing, transportation to the county seat of the county of sentence, and 50 cents in money for each day's travel required for the journey. Detention of a convict after expiration of sentence is punishable by fine and imprisonment.

The same laws, unless otherwise expressly provided, govern both county and State convicts.

Sources: Code of 1907, sections 5830, 5831, 6479 to 6571, 6608 to 6619; Acts of 1907, special session, No. 85.

ALASKA.

Control.-The United States marshal shall employ or cause to be employed, under regulations prescribed by the Attorney General, convicts committed to the jail or penitentiary.

System of employment.—Public works is apparently the only system authorized.

Regulations.-Convicts employed on public works are credited with $2 for each day's work performed in satisfaction of any judgment or fine for the nonpayment of which they may have been committed.

Source: Compiled Laws of 1913, section 2082.

ARIZONA.

Control. The governor, the auditor of the Territory, and a citizen appointed by the governor form a board of control with full charge of penal institutions. This board formulates rules of government and makes inspections at least quarterly.

The keepers of the several county jails, with the consent of the supervisors of the county, have the direction of the employment of county convicts.

Systems of employment.—The provision as to State convicts is not clear, but the contract system is apparently contemplated. County convicts may be employed on public works and ways.

Regulations.-Discharged convicts receive $5, their earnings, if any, and transportation for a journey not to exceed 300 miles.

County convicts perform work on streets and highways under the supervision of the road overseers. Labor either within or without the jail must be performed every day except Sunday.

Source: Revised Statutes of 1901, sections 1195 to 1199, 3563 to 3595.

ARKANSAS.

Control.-The State auditor, secretary of state, the commissioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture, the attorney-general, and the governor constitute a board of commissioners for the management of the penitentiary and its inmates, and must make visits at least monthly and inquire into the discipline and employment of convicts.

County convicts labor under orders issued exclusively by the court sentencing them. The county court may arrange for their employment, employing a superintendent to have immediate charge on such as labor on highways and other county improvements. When contracted for outside of the county, a bond conditioned on breach of contract is required.

Systems of employment.—State convicts are to be employed, preferably under the public-account system; goods made by them may be taken for State use. The contract system is allowed, but the lease system is prohibited.

County convicts may be employed under the lease, contract, public-account, or public-works-and-ways system.

Regulations.-Employment in mechanical and agricultural pursuits, the clearing of timber and the mining of coal on State lands and the acquisition and operation of a quarry are authorized for those convicts employed on public account. But persons physically disqualified or under 18 years of age may not be employed in mining. The employment of convicts in the construction of State railroad and telegraph lines is also authorized. Ten hours constitute a day's labor.

Convicts employed on farms may be required to aid in the repair of roads in the vicinity for a number of days not greater than is required of free labor. No convict may be hired as a domestic servant to any person outside the prison walls.

Punishment must be within the limitations prescribed by the board.

County convicts not employed on public works and ways or on the county farm may be employed at any lawful labor, and if no resident of the county offers to contract for such labor, they may be hired to a resident of another county.

Convicts sentenced for less than 5 years in the penitentiary, or persons imprisoned in default of bail may be employed in road construction. In certain cases persons delivered to the warden for nonpayment of fines are credited with 75 cents for each day's work upon the road, until such credits equal the sum of fines and costs.

The hiring out of women is optional with the judge.

Convicts sentenced for 2 years or more, when discharged, must be furnished with new outer clothing and $2.50 in money.

Goods. The board has exclusive authority to effect sales of the products of penitentiary labor, which is to be done only after a thorough ascertainment of the market value of the products.

Sources: Digest of 1904, sections 1047 to 1059, 1066 to 1102, 5496 to 5564, 5852 to 5862, 5873, 5899, 7352, 7353; Acts of 1905, No. 134; Acts of 1909, No. 207.

CALIFORNIA.

Control.-A board of five directors appointed by the governor is charged with the management of the State prison and the employment of convicts. Monthly inspections by at least three directors are directed.

Boards of county supervisors have jurisdiction of the employment of county convicts.

Systems of employment.-The public-account, State-use, and public-works-andways systems are adopted. The letting of contracts for prison labor is forbidden.

Regulations.-The manufacture of jute fabrics and the crushing of rock for road material are provided for. At least twenty convicts must be employed on the public roads at the State prisons.

Prison rules prescribe the number of hours of labor required in each and every day during a convict's term of imprisonment.

Punishments may be inflicted only by the order and under the direction of

wardens.

First-time convicts not less than 16 years of age and not over 30 years of age may be confined in the State reformatory, and instructed in elementary English courses and in such pursuits as agriculture, horticulture, and the trades which may tend to make them self-supporting when released. When so sentenced the board may credit each convict with an equitable proportion of his earnings to be paid him when discharged.

The directors have authority to assist discharged convicts in securing employment by the purchase of tools or otherwise, and to pay for the same from a special appropriation.

Discharged prisoners receive their earnings, if any, and if this sum is not sufficient for present needs, each one receives $5, a suit of clothing, and transportation to the place of sentence or other place of equal cost of travel.

County convicts may be employed on public works and ways, or in other places for the benefit of the county.

Goods. No convict-made goods may be sold in the State except those whose sale is specially sanctioned by law.

All bags manufactured by the State shall have the prison trade-mark printed, stenciled, or stamped thereon. No order for more than 10,000 bags shall be valid for any one customer before the 15th day of May in each year, after that date all bags remaining unsold may be sold in such quantities and under such conditions as the board may deem advantageous.

The sale of jute and hemp grain bags is at a price fixed by the prison directors on a basis prescribed by statute, and it is a penal offense to sell or offer for sale any prison-made jute goods at a greater price than that fixed by the board of directors.

Crushed rock is sold on orders for highway and other purposes, at a price of not less than 30 cents per ton, preference being given to orders from the State bureau of highways.

Sources: Constitution; Penal Code, sections 679a, 1613, 1614, pages 692-719; Acts of 1907, chapter 317; Acts of 1909, chapter 563; Acts of 1911, chapter 570; Acts of 1913, chapters 585 and 588.

COLORADO.

Control. The governor appoints a board of three commissioners who make rules for the governr ent and discipline of the State penitentiary, and must visit it at least quarterly. The board of commissioners of the State penitentiary, the wardens of the State penitentiary and the State reformatory, the secretary of the State board of charities and corrections, and the governor constitute the State commission on prison labor.

County convicts sentenced to hard labor perform such labor at the direction of the jailer, under the supervisory control of the county commissioners.

Systems of employment.-The lease, contract, public-account, State-use, and public-works-and-ways systems are provided for.

Regulations. The labor of State convicts must be such as will least conflict with the free labor of the State, and is to be performed under the superintendence of the warden. State convicts may be employed as unskilled laborers upon county roads, quarries, mines, and city streets and alleys.

Convicts from without the State may not be employed by any one within the State.

Penal institutions are required to make such supplies of clothing, including shoes, as may be needed in charitable institutions supported by the State, provided the cost of goods does not exceed the price in the market.

Public officials purchasing prison-made goods, must do so direct from the officials of the penal institutions.

No labor shall be performed by convicts of the State penitentiary off the grounds belonging thereto.

Persons committed for nonpayment of fines are credited towards fines and costs, one dollar for each day's labor performed.

Convicts may be credited with a proper proportion of their pecuniary earnings, not exceeding 10 per cent of the earnings of the institution in which they are held, payable upon discharge, or during imprisonment for the support of the dependent relatives.

Discharged convicts are to receive $5, a suit of clothing, and transportation to the railroad station nearest the county seat of the county in which the crimes for which they were respectively sentenced may have been committed.

County convicts must labor daily except Sundays, and may be employed on public highways or other works; or they may be leased for employment in quarries and mines in the county of sentence or an adjacent county. They must, when possible, be employed at hard labor eight hours per working day. Goods. The products of convict labor are to be disposed of for the benefit of the State. No convict-made goods or materials may be brought into the State by any public officer for use in the erection or repair of any public building.

Dealers in prison-made goods must give bond and procure an annual license, the fee for which is $500. Prison-made goods offered for sale in the State must bear a mark showing they are prison-made.

Sources: Revised Statutes of 1908, sections 816 to 844, 2020 to 2025, 3588, 3589, 4837, 4851 to 4854, 4878 to 4882, 5856, 6246 to 6281; Acts of 1909, chapters 152, 153; Acts of 1911, chapters 130 and 184.

CONNECTICUT.

Control.-The governor appoints seven directors who have charge of the prison and of the employment of its inmates, and must visit it twice in each quarter.

County commissioners and the selectmen of towns are charged with the employment of convicts coming under their care.

Systems of employment.-Convicts may be employed under such system as the board of directors may determine. The public-account system is evidently contemplated, and probably the contract system also.

Regulations. Such number of convicts as the board of directors may fix may be employed outside the prison walls, but within 2 miles thereof, under the charge of some officer of the prison.

No State or county convict may be employed in the manufacture of tobacco or of any article to be used in the mouth of any human being.

Fetters, stripes not to exceed ten, solitary confinement, and a bread-and-water diet are prescribed forms of punishment.

Convicts working out fines in the State prison are allowed $100 per annum; those in jails are allowed $1 per day.

Source: General Statutes of 1902, sections 2897 to 2976.

DELAWARE.

Control.-The State maintains no penal institution. Convicts sentenced for terms of six months or longer may be sent to other States for detention, on such terms as the governor may make.

The levy court of each county appoints annually a board of three commissioners to have control of the county jail or workhouse and of the employment of the inmates thereof.