SERVIA. The Kingdom of Servia has an area of 19,050 square miles. It is divided into fifteen provinces, with a total population in 1895 of 2,288,259 persons. The population consists of 86.48 per cent. rural, and 13.52 per cent. in cities. The occupations of the people are 16.81 per cent. in trade; 10.32 per cent. in occupations connected with food; 16.22 per cent. connected with clothing; 14.20 per cent. connected with molding of iron and metal work; 4.31 per cent. teachers and clergy; 8.16 per cent. officials. As to race, in 1891 there were 1,955,944 Servians (who, according to language, are Slavonic by race), 143,684 Roumanians, 37,581 Gypsies, 6,878 Germans, 2,929 Albanians and Turks, 4,510 Jews, 1,359 Bulgarians, 9,676 other foreigners. The revenues and expenditures of Servia have been estimated as follows: On January 1, 1896, the public debt amounted to 408,237,000 dinars, 355,292,000 being at 4 per cent. £1,000,000 in four per cents, were issued in 1897. Servia is almost exclusively an agricultural country, the land being distributed almost entirely. among peasant owners, whose holdings are mostly from 10 to 30 acres. The country has considerable mineral resources, including various kinds of coal, the total production of coal in 1891 having been 87,650 tons. Besides coal, there are iron, lead, silver, zinc, quicksilver, antimony, gold, asbestos, copper, and oil shales. Many concessions have been made to companies and private persons for working mines, and mining operations are also carried on by the State The values of the leading imports and exports are shown as follows, in thousands of dinars: Banking is conducted by various establishments, of which, in 1890, there were 43. The principal is the privileged National Bank of the Kingdom of Servia, in Belgrade, with a paid-up capital of 20,000,000 dinars. It is entitled to issue bank-notes, of which there were, in 1889, 28,597,840 dinars in circulation, with a metallic reserve of 4,596,000 dinars. Besides the National Bank, there were, in 1894, 5 bank establishments, 27 bank associations, and 28 savings-banks. Servia accepted, by the law of June 20, 1875, the French decimal system for its moneys, weights, and measures. The Servian dinar is equal to one franc. In circulation are gold coins of 10 and 20 dinars (milan d'or); silver coins of 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 dinar; copper of 10 and 5, and nickel of 20, 10, and 5 paras. For RAILROADS, TELEGRAPHS, and POST-OFFICE, see Index. MONTENEGRO. The area of Montenegro is estimated to embrace 3,630 English square miles. The total population was stated in official returns to number 220,000 in 1879; a recent estimate puts it at 200,000. The population is mainly pastoral and agricultural. The Montenegrins belong almost entirely to the Servian branch of the Slav race. No official returns are published regarding the public revenue and expenditure. Estimates state the former at 600,000 Austrian florins, derived chiefly from land and cattle taxes, the salt monopoly, and customs duties. Montenegro owes to the Länder Bank of Vienna a sum of one million florins, borrowed at 6 per cent. The cultivated land is mostly the property of the cultivators, the Croatian system of domestic communism being generally prevalent. In some districts, however, the land is split up into diminutive peasant holdings, while in a few the métayer system is met with, but large estates nowhere exist. The principal crops grown are maize, tobacco (450,000 lbs. in 1894), oats, potatoes, barley, and buckwheat. The customs tariff is 6 per cent. ad valorem on all merchandise, with the exception of certain prohibited articles. The exports are valued at about £120,000, imports at £20,000. The principal exports are sumach, flea powder, smoked sardines, smoked mutton, cattle, sheep, goats, cheese, wool, hides, skins and furs, honey, beeswax, wood for walking-sticks, etc., olive oil, wine, tobacco. Montenegro has no railroads, and has only 280 miles of telegraph. Montenegro has no coinage of its own, Austrian paper being the principal medium of exchange. Turkish silver is also current, and French and English gold circulates freely at a rate of exchange fixed from time to time by the Government. There is no bank of any kind in the country. ROUMANIA. The estimated area and population of Roumania are: Area, 48,307 square miles, and population (1893), including Dobruja, is 5,800,000. Included in the population of Roumania proper are 46 million Roumanians, about 300,000 Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 50,000 Bulgarians, 20,000 Germans, 37,400 Austrians, 20,000 Greeks, 15,000 Armenians, 2,000 French, 1,500 Magyars, 1,000 English, besides about 3,000 Italians, Turks, Poles, Tartars, etc. The chief sources of revenue consist in direct and indirect taxes, and the profits derived from the extensive State domains and valuable salt mines, and from the salt and tobacco monopolies. The following table shows the revenue and expenditure for the last six years ending March 31 (old style): Of the total population of Roumania, 70 per cent, are employed in agriculture. There are about 700,000 heads of families who are freehold proprietors. Of the total area, 68 per cent. is productive, and 29 per cent, under culture, 21 per cent. under grass, and 16.9 per cent. under forest. In 1896, the various cereal crops were: Wheat, 1,505,210 hectares, 25,088.700 hectolitres; maize, 1,939,080 hectares, 23,056,700 hectolitres; barley, 607,700 hectares, 11,201,700 hectolitres; oats, 281,870 hectares, 5,187,300 heetolitres; rye, 243,400 hectares, 4,305,100 hectolitres. Colza, flax, and hemp are also cultivated. The area under tobacco was 5,700 hectares, yielding 40,590 quintals; vines, 145,740 hectares, yielding 4,627,800 hectolitres wine; plums, 52,020 hectares, yielding 967,250 hectolitres. The following table shows the value of the commerce, in thousands of lef: According to Roumanian returns, the value of the commerce of the leading countries with which Roumania deals was as follows, in thousands of ler: The values of the leading imports and exports in 1896 were as follows, in thousands of lef: tons. In 1896, the merchant navy consisted of 299 vessels of 61,078 tons, including 28 steamers of 1,054 The navigation of the Danube is carried on under international regulations. From its mouths to the Iron Gates it is regarded as an international highway, the interests of the several States being specially provided for. The arrangement lasts for 21 years from April, 1883. In 1895, 1,619 vessels of 1,554,698 tons cleared from the Danube at Sulina. For RAILROADs, Telegraphs, POST-OFFICE, see Index. The decimal monetary system was introduced into Roumania in 1876, the unit of the monetary system being the leu, equivalent to the franc. The monetary standard is gold. For gold and silver coins, see Index. The Bank of Roumania is the chief financial institution. It is a State bank, with a capital of 30,000,000 lef, of which the Government furnishes 10,000,000 lef. The Bank has the sole privilege of issuing notes. The circulation must be covered by securities or other valuables which can be easily converted into cash, and the Bank must hold a metallic reserve amounting to at least one-third of the outstanding notes. On October 28, 1895, the outstanding circulation was 154,085,862 lef, and the reserve in gold 87,571,001 lef, and in silver 2,369,403 lef. BULGARIA. The estimated area of the Principality of Bulgaria proper is 24,360 English square miles, and of South Bulgaria (or Eastern Roumelia) 13,500 square miles. By a census taken on January 1, 1893, the population of the whole Principality was ascertained to be 3,309,816; the population of Eastern Roumelia being 992,386. The great majority of the inhabitants live by the cultivation of the soil and the produce of their flocks and herds. The budget estimates for 1897 were: Revenue, 83,425,019 levs (francs); expenditure, 82,422,659 levs. The chief items of revenue were: Direct taxes, 33,731,145 levs; customs and excise, 31,080,000 levs. The chief items of expenditure were: Public debt, 18,267,992 levs; finance, 4,991,940 levs; interior, 8,380,876 levs; public instruction, 9,188,560 levs; war, 22,104,000 levs. The public debt consists of 10,000,000 levs, besides a loan of 46,000,000 levs in 1886 for the purchase of Varna-Rustchuk Railway, a loan of 30,000,000 levs in 1889, and a loan of 142,000,000 levs in 1892 (of which 72,000,000 only have yet been paid over). The total amount of these loans in January, 1897, was 169,814,404 levs, while the total assets of the State amounted to 157,200,806 levs. Besides these liabilities, there are the Russian occupation debt of 1,000,0007, the East Roumelian tribute, the Bulgarian tribute, and the still undetermined share of the Turkish debt. The principal agricultural product is wheat, which is largely exported. There are (1892) 5.359,900 acres arable, 770,600 meadow, 237,120 vineyard, 111,120 market garden, etc.; woods and forests, 3,291,100. The total cultivated area is 9,770,700 acres; uncultivated but fit for cultivation, 13,651,300; unfit for cultivation, 1,099,150. There are about 400,000 proprietors of land, and the rural population not possessing land numbers about 2,329,900. The public debt consists of a loan of 46,777,500 levs in 1886 for purchase of Varna-Rustchuk Railway (42,063,500 levs outstanding in January, 1897); a loan of 30,000,000 levs in 1888-9 (27,440,000 outstanding); one of 142,780,000 levs in 1892, of which 76,030,000 have been issued; there has also been received an advance of 10,000,000 levs on account of a further issue of this loan; the Russian occupation debt, 11,918,296 levs outstanding; the East Roumelian tribute debt to the Ottoman Government, 6,785,208 levs. The total value of the imports into Bulgaria in 1896 amounted to 76,530,278 levs or francs, as compared with 69,020,295 frs. for 1895. The exports for 1896 were valued at 108,739,977 frs., against 77,685,546 frs. in 1895. The following table shows the trade by countries, in thousands of levs or francs: The chief imports in 1896 were: Textiles, 26,467,000 levs; colonial goods, 6,575,000 levs; metals, 8,788,000 levs; machinery, 2,611,000 levs; timber and furniture, 4,124,000 levs. Chief exports: Grain, 94,089 levs; live stock, 4,247,000 levs. The number of vessels entered at the port of Varna in 1896 was 795, of 496,331 tons; and 793, of 468,687 tons, cleared; at Bourgas, 489 vessels, of 347,285 tons, entered. For RAILROADS, POST-OFFICES, TELEGRAPHS, see Index. There is a National Bank of Bulgaria, with headquarters at Sofia and branches at Philippopolis, Rustchuk, and Varna; its capital is $2,000,000, provided by the State, a reserve fund of $150,000, and $80,000 notes in circulation. The Ottoman Bank has a branch at Philippopolis, and in each district there is an agricultural bank under control of the Government. There are nickel and bronze stotinki (centimes), silver coins of 1⁄2, 1, 2, and 5 levs (francs); the notes of the National Bank circulate at par. Total States... Total India.. Area in Square Miles. 595,167 1,560,160 Population, Population, 66,050,479 287,223,431 Density Increase. per Square Mile. 111 33,429,917 184 For details of States and Provinces, consult "Commercial Year Book" for 1898, Vol. III. POPULATION BY OCCUPATIONS (000's OMITTED). Glass, pottery, and stone ware.. 2,361 Defense.... 664 Wood, cane, and matting.. 4.293 Service of foreign States.. 500 Drugs, dyes, gums, etc.. 392 Provision and care of cattle.. 3,646 Leather, horns, boxes, etc.... 3,285 Agriculture... 171,735 Commerce... 4,686 Personal, household, and sanitary ser Transport and storage. 3,953 vices.. 11,220 Learned and artistic professions. 5,672 Food, drink, and stimulants. 14,576 Sport and amusements.. 141 Light, firing, and forage. 3,522 Buildings... 1,438 Earth work and general labor. 25,468 1.563 Vehicles and vessels. 147 Independent means.... 4,774 Articles of supplementary requirement 1,149 Textile fabrics and dress.. 12,611 Metals and precious stones... 3,821 Fiscal Affairs. The subjoined table gives, in tens of rupees (Rx.), the total gross amount of the actual revenue and expenditure of India, excluding capital expenditure on public works, and distinguishing Indian and home expenditure, in each of the financial years ending March 31, named: |