Opinion of the Court. 276 U.S. 1920-several months after the alleged causes of action had arisen and more than a year before the libels were brought. It provided that no vessel owned by the United States or any corporation in which the United States or its representatives own the entire outstanding capital stock, or in the possession of or operated by or for the United States or such corporation, should be subject to arrest or seizure by judicial process, § 1; that where such vessel was employed as a merchant vessel and a proceed personam, be subject to arrest or seizure by judicial process in the United States . . . in "Sec. 2. That in cases where if such vessel were privately owned or operated. . a proceeding in admiralty could be maintained at the time of the commencement of the action herein provided for, a libel personam may be brought against the United States or against such corporation, as the case may be, provided that such vessel is employed as a merchant vessel. Such suits shall be brought in the district court of the United States for the district in which the parties so suing. . reside or have their principal place of business . . or in which the vessel . . charged with liability is found. The libelant shall forthwith serve a copy of his libel on the United States attorney for such district and mail a copy thereof by registered mail to the Attorney General of the United States, and shall file a sworn return of such service and mailing. Such service and mailing shall constitute valid service on the United States and such corporation. . 66 'Sec. 3. That such suits shall proceed and be heard and determined according to the principles of law and . . rules of practice obtaining in like cases between private parties. A decree against the United States or such corporation may include costs of suit, and when the decree is for a money judgment, interest at the rate of 4 per centum per annum. . or at any higher rate which shall be stipulated.. If the libelant so elects in his libel the suit may proceed in accordance with the principles of libels in rem wherever it shall appear that had the vessel.. been privately owned and possessed a libel in rem might have been maintained. Election so to proceed shall not preclude the libelant in any proper case from seeking relief in personam in the same suit. Neither the United States nor such corporation shall be required to give any bond or admiralty stipulation on any proceeding brought hereunder. Any such bond or stipulation heretofore given in admiralty causes by the United States. . or the United States Ship 202 Opinion of the Court. ing in admiralty could be maintained if it were privately owned or operated, a libel in personam might be brought against the United States or such corporation, as the case might be, § 2; and that suits based on causes of action arising prior to the Act should be brought within one year after it went into effect, § 5. It is unquestioned that the Fleet Corporation is one which may be sued by a libel in personam under the provisions of the Act." ping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation, shall become void and be surrendered and canceled upon the filing of a suggestion by the Attorney General or other duly authorized law officer that the United States is interested in such cause, and assumes liability to satisfy any decree included within said bond or stipulation, and thereafter any such decree shall be paid as provided in section 8 of this Act. 66 Sec. 5. That suits as herein authorized may be brought only on causes of action arising since April 6, 1917, provided that suits based on causes of action arising prior to the taking effect of this Act shall be brought within one year after this Act goes into effect; and all other suits hereunder shall be brought within two years after the cause of action arises. . . "Sec. 8. That any final judgment rendered in any suit herein authorized.. shall, upon the presentation of a duly authenticated copy thereof, be paid by the proper accounting officers of the United States out of any appropriation or . . fund especially available therefor; otherwise there is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, a sum sufficient to pay any such judgment. . "Sec. 12. That the Attorney General shall report to the Congress at each session thereof the suits under this Act in which final judgment shall have been rendered. . against the United States and such aforesaid corporation. . "Sec. 13. That the provisions of all other Acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed." All of the capital stock of the Fleet Corporation is owned and held by the United States Shipping Board on behalf of the United States, United States v. McCarl, 275 U. S. 1; in operating merchant vessels it acts for and on behalf of the United States, Emergency Fleet Corp. v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 275 U. S. 415; and it is referred to specifically in § 4 of the Act. Opinion of the Court. 276 U.S. In Eastern Transp. Co. v. United States, 272 U. S. 675, 689-692 (1927), we held that, while the main purpose of the Act was to exempt from seizure and arrest merchant vessels of the United States operated by it and its subordinate shipping corporations and to substitute for a suit in rem one in personam attended with the incidents of a proceeding in rem in which the personal liability of the United States took the place of the vessel, the Act also had a wider effect and created a broader personal obligation of the United States, as the owner of an offending vessel, like that of a private owner, which might be enforced in admiralty by a libel in personam in cases where there was no basis for an action in rem. In view of this decision the libelants do not now contend, as in the Circuit Court of Appeals, that the Act merely authorized a libel in personam as a substitute for a proceeding in rem. And the question here presented as to the effect of the Act is whether, as the Fleet Corporation contends, the remedy given against it by a libel in personam in admiralty under the provisions of the Act, is exclusive; or whether, as the libelants contend, this remedy is not exclusive and the Fleet Corporation may also, as a private corporation, be sued in admiralty by a libel in personam, independently of the provisions of the Act. The Act not only authorizes libels in personam to be brought in admiralty against the United States or the designated corporations on causes of action arising out of the possession or operation of merchant vessels, §§ 1, 2, but fixes the venue in such suits, § 2;-requires service on the United States or the corporation to be made upon the United States attorney, with notice to the Attorney General, § 2;-applies to the suits the principles of law and rules of practice obtaining in like cases between private parties, § 3;-limits the rate of interest which may 202 Opinion of the Court. be included in a money decree against the United States or the corporation, to 4 per cent. unless otherwise stipulated, § 3;-exempts the United States or the corporation from the giving of any bond or admiralty stipulation, and provides that those previously given in any admiralty cause shall be canceled upon the assumption of liability by the United States, § 3;-requires suits based on causes of action that had arisen before the Act to be brought within one year after it goes into effect, and all other suits within two years after the cause of action arises, § 5;-directs that the final judgments rendered in the suits, as well as those in previous admiralty causes in which the United States assumes liability, shall be paid by the accounting officers of the United States out of money in the Treasury, for which an appropriation is made, §§ 3, 8;-requires the Attorney General to report to each session of Congress all final judgments rendered against the United States or the corporation;-and specifically repeals "the provisions of all other Acts" inconsistent with the Act, § 13. The Act plainly relates to causes of action which had previously arisen," as well as to those subsequently arising. It provides a remedy in admiralty for adjudicating and satisfying all maritime claims arising out of the possession or operation of merchant vessels of the United States and the corporations, in which the obligation of the United States is substituted for that of the corporations. To that end it furnishes a complete system of administration, applying to the United States and the corporations alike, by which uniformity is established as to venue, service of process, rules of decision and procedure, rate of interest, and periods of limitation; and not only provides that the 6 Except as to those that had arisen prior to April 6, 1917, § 5. Opinion of the Court. 276 U.S. judgments against the corporations, as well as those against the United States, shall be paid out of money in the Treasury, but repeals the inconsistent provisions of all other Acts. In view of these provisions of the Act we cannot doubt that it was intended to furnish the exclusive remedy in admiralty against the United States and the corporations on all maritime causes of action arising out of the possession or operation of merchant vessels. And nothing in its legislative history indicates a different purpose. It follows that after the passage of the Act no libel in admiralty could be maintained against the United States or the corporations on such causes of action except in accordance with its provisions; and that as the libels in these cases were not brought against the Fleet Corporation within the period prescribed by § 5 they were barred. And although, as the libelants point out, this was not "pleaded in any of the answers," it was aptly and sufficiently pleaded in the exceptions to the libels, which correspond to demurrers in actions at law. Whether in addition to furnishing an exclusive remedy in admiralty, the Act also prevents a resort to any concurrent remedies against the United States or the corporations on like causes of action in the Court of Claims or in courts of law, is a question not presented by these cases and upon which, although referred to in the argument, we express no opinion. And it is unnecessary to determine other contentions of the Fleet Corporation relating to the questions of deviation and laches. The decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals is reversed; and the cause will be remanded to the District Court with instructions to dismiss the libels. Reversed. MR. JUSTICE MCREYNOLDS is of opinion that the decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals should be affirmed. |