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guilty of a felony and shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both, or, if such coupons are of a value of less than $100, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.

(d) Coupons issued pursuant to this chapter shall be deemed to be obligations of the United States within the meaning of section 8 of Title 18. (Pub. L. 88-525, § 14, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 708.)

§ 2024. Cooperation with State agencies; financing of administrative costs by States; certification assistance; payments to State agencies.

(a) Each State shall be responsible for financing, from funds available to the State or political subdivision thereof, the costs of carrying out the administrative responsibilities assigned to it under the provisions of this chapter. Except as provided for in subsection (b) of this section, such costs shall include, but shall not be limited to, the certification of households; the acceptance, storage, and protection of coupons after their delivery to receiving points within the States; and the issuance of such coupons to eligible households and the control and accounting therefor.

The

(b) The Secretary is authorized to cooperate with State agencies in the certification of households which are not receiving any type of public assistance so as to insure the effective certification of such households in accordance with the eligibility standards approved under the provisions of section 2012 of this title. Such cooperation shall include payments to State agencies for part of the cost they incur in the certification of such households. amount of such payment to any one State agency shall be 50 per centum of the sum of: (1) the direct salary costs (including the cost of such fringe benefits as are normally paid to its personnel by the State agency) of the personnel used to make such interviews and such postinterview field investigations as are necessary to certify the eligibility of such households, and of the immediate supervisor of such personnel, for such periods of time as they are employed in certifying the eligibility of such households; (2) travel and related costs incurred by such personnel in postinterview field investigations of such households; and (3) an amount not to exceed 25 per centum of the costs computed under (1) and (2) above. (Pub. L. 88-525, § 15, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 708.)

§ 2025. Authorization of appropriations; limitation of coupon value; deposit of funds; nature of expenditures.

(a) To carry out the provisions of this chapter, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated not in excess of $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1965; not in excess of $100,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1966; and not in excess of $200,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1967; and not in excess of such sum as may hereafter be authorized by Congress for any subsequent fiscal year. Such portion of any such appropriation as may be required to pay for the value of the coupon allotments issued to eligible households which is in excess of the charges paid by such household for 36-500 0-65-vol. 1

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such allotments shall be transferred to and made a part of the separate account created under section 2016(d) of this title.

(b) In any fiscal year, the Secretary shall limit the value of those coupons issued which is in excess of the value of coupons for which households are charged, to an amount which is not in excess of the portion of the appropriation for such fiscal year which is transferred to the separate account under the provisions of subsection (a) of this section. If in any fiscal year the Secretary finds that the requirements of participating States will exceed the limitation set forth herein, the Secretary shall direct State agencies to reduce the amount of such coupons to be issued to participating households to the extent necessary to comply with the provisions of this subsection.

(c) If the Secretary determines that any of the funds in the separate account created under section 2016(d) of this title are no longer required to carry out the provisions of this chapter, such portion of such funds shall be paid into the miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury..

(d) Amounts expended under the authority of this chapter shall not be considered amounts expended for the purpose of carrying out the agricultural price-support program and appropriations for the purposes of this chapter shall be considered, for the purpose of budget presentations, to relate to the functions of the Government concerned with welfare. (Pub. L. 88-525, § 16, Aug. 31, 1964, 78 Stat. 709.)

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2049.

2050.

2051.

2052.

2053.

Applicability of Administrative Procedure Act.
Judicial review; finality of judgment.

Compliance with State laws and regulations.
Separability of provisions.
Rules and regulations.

§ 2041. Congressional declaration of policy.

(a) The Congress hereby finds that the channels and instrumentalities of interstate commerce are being used by certain irresponsible contractors for the services of the migrant agricultural laborers who exploit producers of agricultural products, migrant agricultural laborers, and the public generally, and that, as a result of the use of the channels and instrumentalities of interstate commerce by such irresponsible contractors, the flow of interstate commerce has been impeded, obstructed, and restrained.

(b) It is therefore the policy of this chapter to remove the impediments, obstructions, and restraints occasioned to the flow of interstate commerce by

the activities of such irresponsible contractors by requiring that all persons engaged in the activity of contracting for the services of workers for interstate agricultural employment comply with the provisions of this chapter and all regulations prescribed hereunder by the Secretary of Labor. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 2, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 920.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582 provided that: "The provisions of this Act [enacting this chapter] shall become effective on January 1, 1965."

SHORT TITLE

Section 1 of Pub. L. 88-582 provided that Pub. L. 88582, which enacted this chapter, may be cited as the "Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act of 1963."

§ 2042. Definitions.

As used in this chapter

(a) The term "person" includes any individual, partnership, association, joint stock company, trust, or corporation.

(b) The term "farm labor contractor" means any person, who, for a fee, either for himself or on behalf of another person, recruits, solicits, hires, furnishes, or transports ten or more migrant workers (excluding members of his immediate family) at any one time in any calendar year for interstate agricultural employment. Such term shall not include (1) any nonprofit charitable organization, public or nonprofit private educational institution, or similar organization; (2) any farmer, processor, canner, ginner, packing shed operator, or nurseryman who engages in any such activity for the purpose of supplying migrant workers solely for his own operation; (3) any fulltime or regular employee of any entity referred to in (1) or (2) above; or (4) any person who engages in any such activity for the purpose of obtaining migrant workers of any foreign nation for employment in the United States, if the employment of such workers is subject to (A) an agreement between the United States and such foreign nation, or (B) an arrangement with the government of any foreign nation under which written contracts for the employment of such workers are provided for and the enforcement thereof is provided for in the United States by an instrumentality of such foreign nation.

(c) The term "fee" includes any money or other valuable consideration paid or promised to be paid to a person for services as a farm labor contractor. (d) The term "interstate agricultural employment" means employment in any service or activity included within the provisions of section 203 (f) of Title 29, or section 3121(g) of Title 26, when such service or activity is performed by an individual worker who has been transported from one State to another or from any place outside of a State to any place within a State.

(e) The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of the United States Department of Labor or his duly authorized representative.

(f) The term "State" means any of the States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and Guam.

(g) The term "migrant worker" means an individual whose primary employment is in agriculture, as defined in section 203(f) of Title 29, or who performs agricultural labor, as defined in section 3121(g) of Title 26, on a seasonal or other temporary basis.

(Pub. L. 88-582, § 3, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 920.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

§ 2043. Certificate of registration; regular employees of farm labor contractors.

(a) No person shall engage in activities as a farm labor contractor unless he first obtains a certificate of registration from the Secretary, and unless such certificate is in full force and effect and is in such person's immediate possession.

(b) A full-time or regular employee of any person holding a valid certificate of registration under the provisions of this chapter shall not, for the purpose of engaging in activities as a farm labor contractor solely on behalf of such person, be required to obtain a certificate of registration hereunder in his own name. Any such employee shall be required to have in his immediate personal possession when engaging in such activities such identification as the Secretary may require showing such employee to be an employee of, and duly authorized to engage in activities as a farm labor contractor for, a person holding a valid certificate of registration under the provisions of this chapter. Except as provided in the foregoing provisions of this subsection, any such employee shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter and regulations prescribed hereunder to the same extent as if he were required to obtain a certificate of registration in his own name. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 4, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 921.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title. § 2044. Issuance of certificate of registration. (a) Persons qualified.

The Secretary shall, after appropriate investigation, issue a certificate of registration under this chapter to any person who

(1) has executed and filed with the Secretary a written application subscribed and sworn to by the applicant containing such information (to the best of his knowledge and belief) concerning his conduct and method of operation as a farm labor contractor as the Secretary may require in order effectively to carry out the provisions of this chapter;

(2) has filed, within such time as the Secretary may prescribe, proof satisfactory to the Secretary of the financial responsibility of the applicant or proof satisfactory to the Secretary of the existence of a policy of insurance which insures such applicant against liability for damages to persons or property arising out of the applicant's ownership of, operation of, or his causing to be operated any vehicle for the transportation of migrant workers in connection with his business, activities, or operations as a far labor contractor. The amount of any such policy of insurance shall be not less than

the amount required under the law or regulation of any State in which such applicant operates a vehicle in connection with his business, activities, or operations as a farm labor contractor; but in no event shall the amount of such insurance be less than $5,000 for bodily injuries to or death of one person; $20,000 for bodily injuries to or death of all persons injured or killed in any one accident; $5,000 for the loss or damage in any one accident to property of others; and

(3) has filed, within such time as the Secretary may prescribe, a set of his fingerprints.

(b) Refusal to issue certificates; suspension; revocation; refusal to renew.

Upon notice and hearing in accordance with regulations prescribed by him, the Secretary may refuse to issue, and may suspend, revoke, or refuse to renew a certificate of registration to any farm labor contractor if he finds that such contractor

(1) knowingly has made any misrepresentations or false statements in his application for a certificate of registration or any renewal thereof;

(2) knowingly has given false or misleading information to migrant workers concerning the terms, conditions, or existence of agricultural employment;

(3) has failed, without justification, to perform agreements entered into or arrangements with farm operators;

(4) has failed, without justification, to comply with the terms of any working arrangements he has made with migrant workers;

(5) has failed to show financial responsibility satisfactory to the Secretary required by subsection (a) (2) of this section or has failed to keep in effect a policy of insurance required by subsection (a) (2) of this section;

(6) has recruited, employed, or utilized the services of a person with knowledge that such person is violating the provisions of the immigration and nationality laws of the United States;

(7) has been convicted of any crime under State or Federal law relating to gambling or to the sale, distribution, or possession of alcoholic liquors in connection with or incident to his activities as a farm labor contractor; or has been convicted of any crime under State or Federal law involving robbery, bribery, extortion, embezzlement, grand larceny, burglary, arson, violation of narcotics laws, murder, rape, assault with intent to kill, assault which inflicts grievous bodily injury, or prostitution;

(8) has failed to comply with rules and regulations promulgated by the Interstate Commerce Commission that are applicable to his activities and operations in interstate commerce;

(9) knowingly employs or continues to employ any person to whom subsection (b) of section 2043 of this title applies who has taken any action, except for that listed in paragraph (5) of this subsection, which could be used by the Secretary under this subsection to refuse to issue a certificate of registration; or

(10) has failed to comply with any of the provisions of this chapter or any regulations issued hereunder.

(c) Transfer or assignment of certificate; period of effectiveness; renewal.

A certificate of registration, once issued, may not be transferred or assigned and shall be effective for the remainder of the calendar year during which it is issued, unless suspended or revoked by the Secretary as provided in this chapter. A certificate of registration may be renewed each calendar year upon approval by the Secretary of an application for its renewal. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 5, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 921.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

§ 2045. Obligations and prohibitions.

Every farm labor contractor shall

(a) carry his certificate of registration with him at all times while engaging in activities as a farm labor contractor and exhibit the same to all persons with whom he intends to deal in his capacity as a farm labor contractor prior to so dealing;

(b) ascertain and disclose to each worker at the time the worker is recruited the following information to the best of his knowledge and belief: (1) the area of employment, (2) the crops and operations on which he may be employed, (3) the transportation, housing, and insurance to be provided him, (4) the wage rates to be paid him, and (5) the charges to be made by the contractor for his services;

(c) upon arrival at a given place of employment, post in a conspicuous place a written statement of the terms and conditions of that employment;

(d) in the event he manages, supervises, or otherwise controls the housing facilities, post in a conspicuous place the terms and conditions of occupancy; and

(e) in the event he pays migrant workers engaged in interstate agricultural employment, either on his own behalf or on behalf of another person, keep payroll records which shall show for each worker total earnings in cach payroll period, all withholdings from wages, and net earnings. In addition, for workers employed on a time basis, the number of units of time employed and the rate per unit of time shall be recorded on the payroll records, and for workers employed on a piece rate basis, the number of units of work performed and the rate per unit shall be recorded on such records. In addition he shall provide to each migrant worker engaged in interstate agricultural employment with whom he deals in a capacity as a farm labor contractor a statement of all sums paid to him (including sums received on behalf of such migrant worker) on account of the labor of such migrant worker. He shall also provide each such worker with an itemized statement showing all sums withheld by him from the amount he received on account of the labor of such worker, and the purpose for which withheld. The Secretary may prescribe an appropriate form for recording such information.

(Pub. L. 88-582, § 6, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 922.)

EFFECTIVE Date

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

§ 2046. Authorization to obtain information.

The Secretary or his designated representative may investigate and gather data with respect to matters which may aid in carrying out the provisions of this chapter. In any case in which a complaint has been filed with the Secretary regarding a violation of this chapter or with respect to which the Secretary has reasonable grounds to believe that a farm labor contractor has violated any provisions of this chapter, the Secretary or his designated representative may investigate and gather data respecting such case, and may, in connection therewith, enter and inspect such places and such records (and make such transcriptions thereof), question such persons, and investigate such facts, conditions, practices, or matters as may be necessary or appropriate to determine whether a violation of this chapter has been committed. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 7, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 923.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

§ 2047. Agreements with Federal and State agencies. The Secretary is authorized to enter into agreements with Federal and State agencies, to utilize (pursuant to such agreements) the facilities and services of the agencies, and to delegate to the agencies such authority, other than rulemaking, as he deems necessary in carrying out the provisions of this chapter, and to allocate or transfer funds or otherwise to pay or to reimburse such agencies for expenses in connection therewith. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 8, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 923.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

§ 2048. Penalties.

Any farm labor contractor or employee thereof who willfully and knowingly violates any provision of this chapter or any regulation prescribed hereunder shall be fined not more than $500. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 9, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 924.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title. § 2049. Applicability of Administrative Procedure Act. The provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act shall apply to all administrative proceedings conducted pursuant to the authority contained in this chapter. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 10, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 924.)

REFERENCES IN TEXT

The Administrative Procedure Act, referred to in the text, is classified to chapter 19 of Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title. § 2050. Judicial review; finality of judgment.

Any person aggrieved by any order of the Secretary in refusing to issue or renew, or in suspending or revoking, a certificate of registration may obtain a review of any such order by filing in the district court of the United States for the district wherein such person resides or has his principal place of business, or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and serving upon the Secretary, within thirty days after the entry of such order, a written petition praying that the order of the Secretary be modified or set aside in whole or in part. Upon receipt of any such petition, the Secretary shall file in such court a full, true, and correct copy of the transcript of the proceedings upon which the order complained of was entered. Upon the filing of such petition and receipt of such transcript, such court shall have jurisdiction to affirm, set aside, modify, or enforce such order, in whole or in part. In any such review, the findings of fact of the Secretary shall not be set aside if supported by substantial evidence. The judgment and decree of the court shall be final, subject to review as provided in sections 1254 and 1291 of Title 28. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 11, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 924.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

§ 2051. Compliance with State laws and regulations.

This chapter and the provisions contained herein are intended to supplement State action and compliance with this chapter shall not excuse anyone from compliance with appropriate State law and regulation. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 12, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 924.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title. § 2052. Separability of provisions.

If any provision of this chapter, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, shall be held invalid, the remainder of the chapter and the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 13, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 924.)

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under esction 2041 of this title. § 2053. Rules and regulations.

The Secretary is authorized to issue such rules and regulations as he determines necessary for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of sections 2043-2045, and 2047 of this title. (Pub. L. 88-582, § 14, Sept. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 924.)

EFFECTIVE Date

Section effective Jan. 1, 1965, see section 15 of Pub. L. 88-582, set out as a note under section 2041 of this title.

Chap.

1. General Provisions.

2. Elective Franchise_

6. Immigration____

TITLE 8.-ALIENS AND NATIONALITY

Sec.

1 31

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7. Exclusion of Chinese_.

100 261

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Chapter 1.-GENERAL PROVISIONS

§§ 1-18. Repealed or Omitted.

These sections, relating to citizenship, were affected by the Nationality Act of 1940, former section 501 et seq. of this title.

That act was passed on Oct. 14, 1940, to consolidate and restate the laws of the United States regarding citizenship, naturalization, and expatriation, and, in addition to certain specific repeals thereby, all acts or parts of acts in conflict with its provisions were repealed by former section 904 of this title. See the notes below for history of individual sections.

SECTION 1, relating to citizenship of persons born in the United States, was repealed by act Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 876, title I, subch. V, § 504, 54 Stat. 1172. It was from R. S. 1922, which was revised from act Apr. 9, 1866, ch. 31, § 1, 14 Stat. 27. Similar provisions were contained in former section 601 (a) of this title, and present provisions are contained in section 1401 of this title.

SECTION 2, related to citizenship of persons born in Territory of Oregon. It was from R. S. § 1995, which was revised from act May 18, 1872, ch. 172, § 3, 17 Stat. 134.

SECTIONS 3-3c, related to citizenship of Indians. Section 3 was from acts Feb. 8, 1887, ch. 119, § 6, 24 Stat. 390; Mar. 3, 1901, ch. 868, 31 Stat. 1447; May 8, 1906, ch. 2348, 34 Stat. 182; Nov. 6, 1919, ch. 95, 41 Stat. 350; Mar. 3, 1921, ch. 120, § 3, 41 Stat. 1250; June 2, 1924, ch. 233, 43 Stat. 253; Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 876, title I, subch. V, § 504, 54 Stat. 1173. Section 3a was from act June 19, 1930, ch. 544, 46 Stat. 787. Section 3b was from acts May 7, 1934, ch. 221, § 1, 48 Stat. 667; July 23, 1947, ch. 304, § 1, 61 Stat. 414. Section 3c was from act May 7, 1934, ch. 221, § 2, 48 Stat. 667.

SECTION 4, related to citizenship of Hawaiians. It was from act Apr. 30, 1900, ch. 339, § 4, 31 Stat. 141. Present provisions are contained in section 1405 of this title.

SECTIONS 5 and 5a, related to citizenship of Puerto Ricans. They were from act Mar. 2, 1917, ch. 145, §§ 5, 5a, respectively, 39 Stat. 953, as amended Mar. 4, 1927, ch. 503, 2, 44 Stat. 1418; May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158. Present provisions are contained in section 1402 of this title.

SECTION 5a-1, making a further extension of time for Puerto Ricans to become citizens in cases of misinformation regarding status, was repealed by act Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 876, title I, subch. V, § 504, 54 Stat. 1174. from act May 16, 1938, ch. 225, 52 Stat. 377. Present provisions are contained in section 1402 of this title.

Page 977

It was

SECTIONS 5b and 5c, related to citizenship of inhabitants of the Virgin Islands. They were from act Feb. 25, 1927, ch. 192, §§ 1, 3, respectively, 44 Stat. 1234, 1235, as amended May 17, 1932, ch. 190, 47 Stat. 158; June 28, 1932, ch. 283, § 5, 47 Stat. 336. Present provisions are contained in section 1406 of this title.

SECTIONS 5d-9a were repealed by act Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 876, title I, subch. V, § 504, 54 Stat. 1172. Sections 5d and 5e, relating to citizenship of persons born in Canal Zone or Panama, were from act Aug. 4, 1937, ch. 563, §§ 1, 2, respectively, 50 Stat. 558; present provisions are contained in section 1403 of this title. Section 6, relating to citizenship of children born outside the United States, was from R. S. § 1993 (revised from acts Apr. 14, 1802, ch. 28, § 4, 2 Stat. 155; Feb. 10, 1855, ch. 71, § 1, 10 Stat. 604); act Mar. 2, 1907, ch. 2534, §§ 6, 7, 34 Stat. 1229, as amended May 24, 1934, ch. 344, § 1, 48 Stat. 797; present provisions are contained in sections 1431-1433 of this title. Section 7, relating to citizenship of children of persons naturalized under certain laws, was from R. S. § 2172, which was revised from act Apr. 14, 1802, ch. 28, § 4, 2 Stat. 155; present provisions are contained in section 1432 of this title. Section 8, relating to citizenship, upon parent's naturalization, of children born abroad of alien parents, was from act Mar. 2, 1907, ch. 2534, § 5, 34 Stat. 1229, as amended May 24, 1934, ch. 344, § 2, 48 Stat. 797; present provisions are contained in section 1432 of this title. Section 9, relating to citizenship of women citizens as affected by marriage, was from acts Sept. 22, 1922, ch. 411, § 3 (a), 42 Stat. 1022; July 3, 1930, ch. 835, § 1, 46 Stat. 854; Mar. 3, 1931, ch. 442, § 4 (a), 46 Stat. 1511; present provisions are contained in section 1435 of this title. Section 9a, relating to repatriation of native-born women married to aliens prior to Sept. 22, 1922, was from act June 25, 1936, ch. 801, 49 Stat. 1917, as amended July 2, 1940, ch. 509, 54 Stat. 715; present provisions are contained in section 1435 (c) of this title.

SECTION 10, related to the effect of certain repeals on citizenship of women marrying citizens. It was from act Sept. 22, 1922, ch. 411, § 6, 42 Stat. 1022.

SECTIONS 11 and 12, related to forfeiture of citizenship for desertion from armed forces. Section 11 was from R. S. § 1998 (revised from act Mar. 3, 1865, ch. 79, § 21, 13 Stat. 490) as amended by acts Aug. 22, 1912, ch. 336, § 1, 37 Stat. 356; Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 876, title I, subch. V, § 504, 54 Stat. 1172. Section 12 was from R. S. §§ 1996, 1997, which were revised from acts Mar. 3, 1865, ch. 79, § 21, 13 Stat. 490, and July 19, 1867, ch. 28, 15 Stat 14. respectively; present provisions are contained in sections 1481 and 1483 of this title.

SECTIONS 13 and 14, relating to the protection of citizens when abroad, were transferred to sections 1731 and 1732 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

SECTION 15, R. S. § 1999, relating to right of expatriation, was omitted from this Code, and is now covered by sections 1482 and 1483 of this title.

SECTIONS 16-18, relating to loss of citizenship, were repealed by act Oct. 14, 1940, ch. 876, title I, subch. V, § 504, 54 Stat. 1172. Section 16 was from act Mar. 2, 1907. ch. 2534, § 2, 34 Stat. 1228. Section 17 was from act Mar. 2, 1907, ch. 2534, §§ 2, 7, 34 Stat. 1228, 1229; present provisions are contained in sections 1481 (a), 1482 and 1484 of this title. Section 17a was from act May 24, 1934, ch. 344, § 3, 48 Stat. 797; present provisions are contained in section 1481 (a) of this title. Section 18 was from acts June 19, 1906, ch. 3592, § 4 (12), 34 Stat. 596; May 9, 1918, ch. 69, § 1, 40 Stat. 545; June 21, 1930, ch. 559, 46 Stat. 791; present provisions are contained in sections 1438 (a), 1454, 1455, 1459 of this title.

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