do not carry such lights, carry a lantern having a green slide on one side and a red slide on the other side; and, on the approach of or to other vessels, such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, and in such a manner that the green light shall not be seen on the port side, nor the red light on the starboard side. Open boats, when at anchor or stationary, shall exhibit a bright white light. They shall not, however, be prevented from using a flare-up, in addition, if considered expedient. Rule fourteen. The exhibition of any light on board of a vessel of war of the United States may be suspended whenever, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy, the commander-in-chief of a squadron, or the commander of a vessel acting singly, the special character of the service may require it.

FOG-SIGNALS.

Rule fifteen. Whenever there is a fog, or thick weather, whether by day or night, fog-signals shall be used, as follows:

(A) Steam-vessels under way shall sound a steamwhistle placed before the funnel, not less than eight feet from the deck, at intervals of not more than one minute. (B) Sail-vessels under way shall sound a fog-horn at intervals of not more than five minutes.

(C) Steam-vessels and sail-vessels, when not under way, shall sound a bell at intervals of not more than five minutes.

(D) Coal-boats, trading-boats, produce-boats, canalboats, oyster-boats, fishing-boats, rafts, or other watercraft, navigating any bay, harbor, or river, by handpower, horse-power, sail, or by the current of the river, or anchored or moored in or near the channel or fairway of any bay, harbor, or river, and not in any port, shall sound a fog-horn, or equivalent signal, which shall make a sound equal to a steam-whistle, at intervals of not more than two minutes.

STEERING AND SAILING RULES.

Rule sixteen. If two sail-vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

Rule seventeen. When two sail vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, then, if they have the wind on different sides, the vessel with the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the vessel with the wind on the starboard side, except in the case in which

the vessel with the wind on the port side is close-hauled, and the other vessel free, in which case the latter vesseĺ shall keep out of the way. But if they have the wind on the same side, or if one of them has the wind aft, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward.

Rule eighteen. If two vessels under steam are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

Rule nineteen. If two vessels under steam are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

Rule twenty. If two vessels, one of which is a sailvessel and the other a steam-vessel, are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam-vessel shall keep out of the way of the sail-vessel.

Rule twenty-one. Every steam-vessel, when approaching another vessel, so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed, or, if necessary, stop and reverse; and every steam-vessel shall, when in a fog, go at a moderate speed.

Rule twenty-two. Every vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out of the way of the last-mentioned vessel.

Rule twenty-three. Where, by Rules seventeen, nineteen, twenty, and twenty-two, one of two vessels shall keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course, subject to the qualifications of Rule twenty-four.

Rule twenty-four. In construing and obeying these rules, due regard must be had to all dangers of navigation, and to any special circumstances which may exist in any particular case rendering a departure from them necessary in order to avoid immediate danger.

Rule 2. Kelley v. Thompson, 1 Low. 124.

Rule 3. The provisions of this rule apply only to ocean-going steamers and steamers carrying sails-Act of July 25th, 1866; 14 U. S. Stats. 223; The Fairbanks, 9 Wall. 421; The Glancus, 1 Low. 366; The Ontario, 2 Low. 40; The Santiago de Cuba, 10 Blatchf. 444; The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485; Desty S. & A. § 362.

Rule 7. The Continental, 14 Wall. 345. And see Act of July 25th, 1866; 14 U. S. Stats. 228; Desty S. & A. § 362.

Rule 8. The Scotia, 14 Wall. 183; The Continental, Ibid. 346. The exception of the mast-head light is justified by experience-The Fairbanks, 9 Wall. 421; The Hypodame, 6 Wall. 216. See The Monticello v. Mollison, 17 How. 152; Desty S. & A. § 362.

Rule 10. The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485; Rule 11. The City of Washington, 92 U. S. 36; Rule 15. The Pennsylvania, 19 Wall. 126; The Leo, 11 Blatchf. 225; The Monticello, 1 Low. 184.

Desty S &. A. §§ 362, 365.
Desty S. & A. § 362.
Porter, 2 Dill. 150; The
When not under way

shall use a bell-The Pennsylvania, 19 Wall. 126; Desty S. & A. § 360. Rule 16. The Sunnyside, 91 U. S. 208; The City of Washington, 92 U. S. 36. Meeting "nearly end on" includes cases when vessels are approaching from nearly opposite directions, or on a line of approach nearly parallel-The Nichols, 7 Wall. 656. The obligation exists from the time the necessity occurs, and continues so long as means and efforts remain, to avoid danger-The Dexter, 23 Wall. 69; Desty S. & A. $368.

Rule 17. Kelley v. Thompson, 1 Low. 124; Desty S. & A. § 372. Rule 18. The Continental, 14 Wall. 357; The Atlas, 10 Blatchf. 459; The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485; Desty S. & A. §§ 359, 373.

Rule 19. The Corsica, 9 Wall. 633; The Chesapeake, 5 Blatchf. 411; The Santiago de Cuba, 10 Blatchf. 444; The Vancouver, 2 Sawy. 381; Desty S. & A. § 374.

Rule 20. The Free State, 91 U. S. 200; The Sunnyside, Ibid. 208; The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485; The Carroll, 8 Wall. 302; The Fairbanks, 9 Wall. 421; The City of Paris, 9 Wall. 638; The Leo, 11 Blatchf. 225; Desty S. & A. §§ 357, 375.

Rule 21. The Carroll, 8 Wall. 302; The Fairbanks, 9 Wall. 421; The City of Paris, 9 Wall. 638; The Syracuse, Ibid. 676; The Free State, 91 U.S. 200; The City of Washington, $2 U.S.36; The Monticello, 1 Low. 184; Miller v. The W. G. Hewes, I Woods, 363; The Bristol, 10 Blatchf. 537; The Leo, 11 Blatchf. 225; The Hammonia, 11 Blatchf. 413; The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485. The rule does not mean that she may wait till danger is imminent, nor that she need not slacken speed if the risk is caused by the fault of the approaching vessel-The Huntsville, 8 Blatchf. 228; Desty S. & A. §§ 356, 368.

Rule 22. The Narragansett, 10 Blatchf. 475; The W. H. Clark, 5 Biss. 225; Whitridge v. Dill, 23 How. 448; Desty S. & A. § 377.

Rule 23. The Grace Girdler, 7 Wall. 196; The John L. Hasbrouck, 93 C. S. 405; The Santiago de Cuba, 10 Blatchf. 444; The W. H. Clark, 5 Biss. 295; The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485; Desty S. & A. §§ 376, 377. Rule 24. The Grace Girdler, 7 Wall. 196; The Corsica, 9 Wall. 630; The Sunnyside, 91 U. S. 208; The W. H. Clark, 5 Biss. 295; The Carlton v. U. S. 10 Ct. of Cl. 485; Desty S. & A. § 380.

§ 4234. Forfeiture of sailing-vessels for omission of lights.- Collectors, or other chief officers of the customs, shall require all sail-vessels to be furnished with proper signal-lights, and every such vessel shall, on the approach of any steam-vessel during the night-time, show a lighted torch upon that point or quarter to which such steam vessel shall be approaching. Every such vessel that shall be navigated without complying with the provisions of this and the preceding section, shall be liable to a penalty of two hundred dollars, one-half to go to the informer; for which sum the vessel so navigated shall be liable, and may be seized and proceeded against by way of libel, in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offense.

The Leopard, 2 Low. 239; Desty S. & A. § 364.

§ 4235. Pilots.-Until further provision is made by Congress, all pilots in the bays, inlets, rivers, harbors, and ports of the United States shall continue to be regulated in conformity with the existing laws of the States

respectively wherein such pilots may be, or with such laws as the States may respectively enact for the purpose.

Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 207; Hobart v. Drogan, 10 Peters, 121; License Cases, 5 How. 580; Corley v. Port Wardens, 12 How. 243; Ex parte O'Neil, 13 Wall. 236; Desty S. & A. § 343.

§ 4236. Pilots on boundaries.-The master of any vessel coming into or going out of any port situate upon waters which are the boundary between two States, may employ any pilot duly licensed or authorized by the laws of either of the States bounded on such waters, to pilot the vessel to or from such port.

See Desty S. & A. § 343.

§ 4237. Rates of pilotage.- No regulations or provisions shall be adopted by any State which shall make any discrimination in the rate of pilotage or half-pilotage between vessels sailing between the ports of one State and vessels sailing between the ports of different States, or any discrimination against vessels propelled in whole or in part by steam, or against national vessels of the United States; and all existing regulations or provisions making any such discrimination are annulled and abrogated.

§ 4238. Vessels stranded on foreign coasts: Consuls and vice-consuls, in cases where vessels of the United States are stranded on the coasts of their consulates respectively, shall, as far as the laws of the country will permit, take proper measures, as well for the purpose of saving the vessels, their cargoes and appurtenances, as for storing and securing the effects and merchandise saved, and for taking inventories thereof; and the merchandise and effects saved, with the inventories thereof so taken, shall, after deducting therefrom the expenses, be delivered to the owners. No consul or vice-consul shall have authority to take possession of any such merchandise, or other property, when the master, owner, or consignee thereof is present or capable of taking possession of the same.

§ 4239. Property wrecked on coast of Florida. All property, of any description whatsoever, which shall be taken from any wreck, from the sea, or from any of the keys and shoals, within the jurisdiction of the United States, on the coast of Florida, shall be brought to some port of entry within the jurisdiction of the United States.

§ 4240. Forfeitures for taking wrecked property to foreign ports.-Every vessel which shall be engaged or employed in carrying or transporting any property whatsoever, taken from any wreck, from the sea, or from any of the keys or shoals, within the jurisdiction of the United States, on the coast of Florida, to any foreign port, shall, together with her tackle, apparel, and furniture, be forfeited, and all forfeitures incurred by virtue of this section shall accrue, one moiety to the informer and the other to the United States.

§ 4241. License to wreckers.-No vessel, or master thereof, shall be regularly employed in the business of wrecking on the coast of Florida without the license of the judge of the district court for the district of Florida; and, before licensing any vessel or master, the judge shall be satisfied that the vessel is sea-worthy, and properly and sufficiently fitted and equipped for the business of saving property shipwrecked and in distress; and that the master thereof is trustworthy, and innocent of any fraud or misconduct in relation to any property shipwrecked or saved on the coast.

§ 4242. Life-saving stations.-The Secretary of the Treasury may establish such stations on the coasts of Long Island and New Jersey, for affording aid to shipwrecked vessels thereon, and may make such changes in the location of the existing stations, and make such repairs and furnish such apparatus and supplies, as may, in his judgment, be best adapted to the preservation of life and property from such shipwrecked vessels.

Persons in immediate charge of life-saving service are to make report of expenditures and operations of the same-Act of July 31st, 1876; 19 U. S. Stats. 107. An Act of June 20th, 1874 (18 U. S. Stats. 125), providing for the establishment of life-saving stations and regulating the service, will be found in the appendix to this volume.

§ 4243. Superintendents and keepers.-The Secretary of the Treasury may appoint, at each of the stations established under the provisions of the preceding section, a keeper, at a compensation not exceeding two hundred dollars a year, and a superintendent, who shall also have the powers and perform the duties of an inspector of the customs for each of the coasts therein mentioned; and he shall give such keepers and superintendents proper in- . structions relative to the duties to be required of them.

§ 4244. Crews of surf-men.-The Secretary of the Treasury may also employ crews of experienced surfmen at such stations on the coasts of Long Island and