29. French Commission, Frightfulness in Retreat, pp. 76, London, Hodder, 1917. 30. The Deportation of Women and Girls from Lille, pp. 81, N. Y., Doran, 1916. 31. TOYNBEE, ARNOLD J., The Deportation of Women and Girls from Lille, with Extracts from Other Documents . . . Relating to German Breaches of International Law during 1914, 1915, 1916, pp. 81, N. Y., Doran, 1916 (?). d. Serbia 32. REISS, R-. A., How Austria-Hungary Waged War in Serbia, pp. 48, Paris, Colin, 1915. e. Poland 33. TOYNBEE, ARNOLD J., The Destruction of Poland, A Study in German Efficiency, pp. 30, London, Unwin, 1915. Also No. 4, above. f. Armenia 34. TOYNBEE, ARNOLD J., Atrocities, the Murder of a Nation, London, Hodder. 35. BRYCE, VISCOUNT, The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-13, Documents presented to Viscount Grey, pp. 684, H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1916. g. Roumania 36. Official Report, Microbe Culture at Bukarest, Discoveries at the German Legation, from Roumanian Official Documents, pp. 16, London, Hodder, 1917. h. Submarine Warfare 37. MUNRO, D. C. and OTHERS, German War Practices, Com. Pub. Inform., 1918. 38. HART AND LOVEJOY, Handbook of the War for Public Speakers, pp. 29-36, 1917. 39. HILL, G. F., The Commemorative Medal in the Service of Germany, pp. 32, N. Y., Longmans, 1917. 40. LUXBURG, COUNT, “Spurlos Versenkt," New York Times, Jan. 15, 1918, 1:4 and Feb. 28, 3: 3. i. Sinking of Relief and Hospital Ships 41. "Germans Sink Relief Ships," New York Times of March 6-12 and April 10, 1916. 42. The War on Hospital Ships, pp. 20, London, Unwin, 1917. j. Treatment of Prisoners 43. British Foreign Office, The Treatment of Prisoners of War in England and Germany during the First Eight Months of the War, pp. 36, H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1915. 44. British Foreign Office, Correspondence between H. M. Government and the U. S. Ambassador respecting the Treatment of Prisoners of War and Interned Civilians in the United Kingdom and Germany, respectively, pp. 87, Misc. Doc., No. 7, 1915. 45. British Foreign Office, Reports on the Treatment by the Germans of British Prisoners and Natives in German East Africa, pp. 31, ibid., No. 13, 1917. 46. British Foreign Office, Correspondence with the U. S. Ambassador respecting the Treatment of British Prisoners of War and interned Civilians in Germany, pp. 64, ibid., No. 19, 1915. 47. British Foreign Office, Correspondence with the U. S. Ambassador respecting the Execution of Miss Cavell at Brussels, p. 15, ibid., No. 17, 1915. 48. 49. The Murder of Capt. Fryatt, pp. 47, London, Hodder, 1916. MUGERDITCHIAN, MRS. ESTHER, From Turkish Toils, a Narrative of an Armenian Family's Escape, pp. 45, N. Y., Doran, 1918. XI GERMAN CONSPIRACIES AGAINST THE UNITED STATES "The most potent influence, however, in Kultur-politik has been the men who, in constantly increasing numbers, have come to occupy positions in our universities, colleges, and private schools. Being by virtue of their profession, less exposed to assimilative influences, they form the outposts of Germanism in the United States. . . . ... "It is for the descendants of those Germans who fought under Herkimer at Oriskany; of those who followed Mühlenberg; of those who over the trenches of Yorktown heard the opposing commands given in their native tongue, and finally saw the garrison march out to the tune of German music; of those who fought under Schurz and Sigel in the Civil War; to rebuke these prophets of disunion and to turn the aspirations of their countrymen in the direction of true American nationalism."-GUSTAVUS OHLINGER in Their True Faith and Allegiance. THE The Monroe Doctrine erected as a barrier to HE basis of all earlier hostile movements directed by Germany against the United States, may be said to have been the Monroe Doctrine, originally framed to stand in the way of encroachments on this continent by the Holy Alliance, a bulwark of autocracy in Europe. This Alliance had been arranged by the King of Prussia with the Emperor of Austria and the Czar of Russia, with a view mainly to check the growth of republican tendencies throughout the world (1). autocrats President Monroe's policies for safeguarding the Western Hemisphere from encroachments by this league of autocrats was taken on information furnished Britain sponsored by Lord Canning, the British Prime Minister at the time, and transmitted to Mr. Rush, our minister at the British capital. Great Britain thus stood sponsor at the birth of the doctrine and has ever been the bulwark of its defense. Our own Admiral Mahan, the greatest of authorities upon sea power, wrote: the doctrine at its birth "What, at the moment when the Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed, insured beyond peradventure that immunity from foreign oppression of the Spanish-American colonies in their struggle for independence? The command of the sea by Great Britain backed by the feeble navy but imposing strategic position of the United States." It has been, quite naturally, Prussia, and later Prussianized Germany, that have resented the adoption of this doctrine by the United States as a definite national policy; and on more than one occasion Germany has allowed it to be understood that at the proper time she should challenge its efficiency by putting it to the test of a military decision. Occasions have arisen when she might have made good her threat save only that Great Britain with the powerful British navy has stood in her way. Comparatively few Americans realize the debt they owe to this bulwark of their defense in the benevolent protection of the British Empire. A source of serious friction between Germany and America arose in the eighties of the last century over A tropical hurricane prevents questions of sovereignty in the Samoan Islands, and on March 16, 1889, the squadrons of the two countries were facing each other in the open roadstead of Apia, Samoa, ready for action, when a typhoon caught both and war dashed them to destruction upon the coral reefs-a dramatic incident which led both to the Treaty of Berlin and to the foundation of the new American navy. This providential intervention of the hurricane has been rendered memorable by Robert Louis Stevenson in a somewhat remarkable summary of the event entitled A Footnote to History. Germany's desire for strategic positions in the Caribbean When America had begun to evince an interest in the construction of an American isthmian canal, Germany simultaneously became interested in the strategic positions within the American Mediterranean. The Hamburg-American Steamship Company by methods of peaceful penetration acquired properties and established a port of call in the important harbor of St. Thomas, properties now taken over by the United States as a war measure; and rumors had been frequent that Germany had been negotiating with Denmark for the purchase of this and neighboring Danish islands, which are now at last in American possession. Germany's warships have made elaborate surveys of strategic harbors in Hayti and San Domingo. "The mailed fist" at Port au When in 1897 the police authorities of Port au Prince had arrested a German named Luders, Germany sent warships, bombarded the city, and compelled apologies accompanied by the immediate payment of an indemnity of twenty thousand dollars. Count Schwerin, the German Chargé, admitted that the Haytian authorities were legally in the right in arresting Luders, since he had attacked the police; nevertheless on direct orders from Berlin, the Chargé took the peculiarly arrogant German ground that no German of standing should ever be arrested by any ordinary person. In humiliation |