fighting the German people. It is at the same time the greatest of all reasons why we must never stop short of absolute and crushing victory over Germany, to carry with it the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine and the Ukraine, without whose supplies of iron the fangs of the German monster could not be drawn. 1. 2. REFERENCES "The New German Empire, a Study of German War Aims from 3. GARDINER, J. B. W., German Plans for the Next War, pp. 39, New York, Doubleday, 1918. 4. General von Bissing's Testament, a study of German ideals, pp. 36, London, Unwin, 1917. 5. HEADLAM, J. W., The Issue, pp. 159, Boston, Houghton, 1917. 6. REICHERT, DR. J., Weltwirtschaft, December, 1917. 7. HOBBS, WILLIAM H., "The Achilles Heel of the German Monster," New York Times, April 4, 1918; "The Crack in Germany's Armor," p. 286, Independent, May 18, 1918. 8. HAUSER, HENRI, “La question de Briey-Longwy, et la paix allemande," L'Action Nationale, vol. iii., pp. 17-25, April 25, 1918. 9. Flag Day Address, 1917. IO. "Official Text of Belgium's Protest against Deportations," pp. 676-677, New York Times, "Current History," January, 1917. 11. KRUTSCH, P., “Die Lebensdauer unserer Erzlagerstätten und die Versorgung Deutschland mit Eisen und Manganerzen nach dem Kriege," Zeit. f. prakt. Geologie, 26 Jahrg., 1918, pp. 11-15, 19-23. XVII THE PEACE TERMS OF DEMOCRACY "The permanent peace of the world can be secured only through the gradual concentration of preponderant military strength in the hands of the most pacific nations."-JOHN FISKE. "If in France they think that the reëstablishment of peace can only be made possible by the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine, and if necessity should oblige us to sign such a peace, the seventy millions of Germans would very soon tear that peace to tatters."-MAXIMILIAN HARDEN. "Your brothers of Alsace and of Lorraine, separated now from the common family, will preserve for France, far away from their homes, a filial affection until the day when she will come back to take her place there."-Protest of the Deputies from Alsace and Lorraine in taking their departure from the French Assembly, 1871. ... "It is certain . . . that if, twenty years after the conclusion of peace, France should succumb as a result of the remote consequences of the war, Germany would rule Europe. . . . This situation of the French population is so serious that it will make real and definitive victory for France impossible, unless the conditions of peace imposed by the Allies shall bring about in Europe such a condition that Germany shall not be able to profit by her superiority in numbers by renewing her attacks on France."-ANDRÉ CHÉRADAME, December, 1918. No attempt to consider the subject of peace terms N° Vastness of the subject which are to conclude the war could be expected to come within the compass of even a large volume; and a small library might be, and as a matter of fact is, written upon the subject. There are, none the less, certain fundamental ideals and principles which must be kept always in mind, and whose application it will be the task of the Peace Conference to make. Fortunately, as has already been stated, a library consisting of several hundred special reports, which cover every phase of the technical side of those questions likely to be involved, is already available (1). This is, however, know Assembling of the knowledge ledge and information only. Men of vision needed Those questions which are to be decided at the Peace Conference call for ripe judgment and a political vision which is able to see the true relation between cause and effect. There is here no place for the mushy idealism of the pacifist, living as he does in a land of dreams and wholly incapable of learning from his past miscarriages of judgment (2). Of all the considerations of this vast subject none can bear comparison with this in its weighty importance. Divergent interests will clash, not only between the victors and the vanquished, but between the representatives of the allied nations at the council table; and, both unconsciously and through design, unessentials will be so piled over and about the really vital issues as to hide them from all but the more discerning. Terms to be imposed not agreed upon At the very outset one is halted by the obvious factthat terms of peace in the sense in which that expression is ordinarily interpreted is here inapplicable. "Terms" are items or articles set down in order upon paper, which the "High Contracting Parties" bind themselves solemnly to observe and to make the guiding principle of action; the basal assumption being of course that they are in honor bound, and this not alone to satisfy their own national self-respect, but in order to conserve a reputation which is a distinct asset of their resources. Even savages have shown this sense of honor, and the peace signed between William Penn and the Ameri can Indians was faithfully kept on both sides throughout generations. It has remained for Germany in following the traditions and the control of Prussia, to sink below the level of the lowest savage and to forfeit every right to the respect of the civilized world. Maximilian Harden, the most influential mouth-piece in modern Germany outside the government organs, said: "We will go back to the times of savagery when man was a wolf for his fellow-man. ... "If in France they think that the reëstablishment of peace can only be made possible by the restoration of AlsaceLorraine, and if necessity should oblige us to sign such a peace, the seventy millions of Germans would very soon tear that peace to tatters." (3.) Terms of peace under these conditions it would be madness to agree upon—they must be imposed, and for this a peace with victory is the sine qua non. It would properly put the seal of the verdict of the civilized world upon the wantonness and bestiality of Germany's conduct in the war, unparalleled in history, if the German envoy at the peace conference were to be excluded from the council table, and the decisions of the conference be sent to him in the form of communications. It is, moreover, difficult to see how the allied nations can, after imposition of peace, receive the diplomatic and consular officials from the Central Powers, since the diplomatic service depends upon the observance of a sense of honor as between gentlemen; and the world has now been a witness to the spectacle, not of the prostitution of a single German office, or even of those collectively accredited to any one country, but of the entire machinery of the German Foreign Office, working as one vast conspiracy hatchery against friendly nations. Had they come from the Kaiser's own Chancellor, the counsels of the British pacifist, Arnold Bennett, "Have faith could not be more dangerous to the future peace of the world. One of his latest articles now preached speaks of the "new spirit" which must rule at the Peace Conference. in human nature," by pacifists "That new spirit," he says, "is the sole reality for which we are fighting, and we have to realize this always and strive night and day to realize it more deeply. We want democracy, but democracy can only prosper in an atmosphere of mutual trust, an atmosphere from which suspicion and determination to get the better of everybody else at any cost are absent. The root of democracy is a large and kindly faith in human nature." (4.) A professor in a well-known New England university, whose pacifism is likewise in a state of suspended animation only, has been touring the country ostensibly in the interests of a government war activity, and carrying to the American people a message not unlike that of Arnold Bennett. It must be agreed that Germany's contention that she be permitted to become corsair of the seas through admission of the principle of their entire freedom in time of war, as advocated for her by Mr. Wilson and as already pointed out in an earlier lecture, is to be denied. Reparation and indemnity for damages inflicted in Reparations defiance of international law upon occupied and indem- territory, and also in the sinking of ships, must be imposed; though it is little likely that any penalizing war indemnity such as Germany nities |