creation

Powers to be construed with reference to purposes of their

Authority confined to corporate limits.

Municipal subscriptions to works of internal improvement

211

213

213-219

Legislative control of corporate property

Towns and counties .

240

241-247

247

247

248-254

Validity of corporate organizations not to be questioned collat-

erally.

254

Accused not to be twice put in jeopardy

Excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishments

Right to counsel . .

Protection of professional confidence
Duty of counsel . .

Whether to address the jury on the law

Punishment of misconduct in attorneys

Writ of habeas corpus

General purpose of writ, and practice upon
Right to discussion and petition

Right to bear arms

CHAPTER XI.

OF THE PROTECTION OF PROPERTY BY THE "LAW OF THE LAND."

Magna Charta, chap. 29

Constitutional provisions insuring protection "by the law of the

land"

Meaning of "due process of law" and "law of the land"

Vested rights not to be disturbed

What are vested rights. . .

Interests in expectancy are not

Legislative modification of estates

Control of rights springing from marriage

Legislative control of remedies.

Vested rights of action are protected

Confiscation of rights and property

Statutes of limitation .

Alteration in the rules of evidence.

Retrospective laws

Page

351

351, note

353-357

357

358-361

359

360

360, 361

361

362

363

364-367

367

Not well protected nor defined at common law

Censorship of the press; publication of proceedings in Parliament

Common-law rules of liability for injurious publications

Cases of privileged communications

Libels on the government, whether punishable

Sedition law

Page

414

414, note

417

418

418

419

420-422

422-425

425, 426

426-430

427

Further cases of privilege; criticism of officers or candidates for

office

431-441

Petitions and other publications in matters of public concern

Statements in course of judicial proceedings.

Publication of privileged communications through the press

Accounts of judicial proceedings, how far protected

Privilege of publishers of news.

"Good motives and justifiable ends," burden of showing is on

460

462

471

What it precludes

Does not preclude recognition of superintending Providence by

Nor appointment of chaplains, fast days, &c., nor recognition of

fact that the prevailing religion is Christian

The maxim that Christianity is part of the law of the laud.

Punishment of blasphemy.

Sunday laws, how justified.

Respect for religious scruples.

Religious belief as affecting the competency or credibility of

witnesses.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE POWER OF TAXATION.

Unlimited nature of the power

Exemption of national agencies from State taxation

Exemption of State agencies from national taxation

Limitations on State taxation by national Constitution

Power of States to tax subjects of commerce

479-485

480-484

483, 484

485

486

Discriminations in taxation between citizens of different States

Elements essential to valid taxation; purposes must be public.

Taxation with reference to benefits in local improvements

Local assessments distinguished from general taxation

Apportionment of the burden in local assessments.

Taxations must be uniform throughout the taxing districts.

Road taxes in labor . .

Inequalities in taxation inevitable

Legislature must select subjects of taxation

Exemptions admissible.

Constitutional provisions forbidding exemptions

Legislative authority requisite for every tax.

Excessive taxation

The maxim de minimis lex non curat in tax proceedings.

What errors and defects render tax sales void

488-490

490-494

495

516

517-520

520

521

521, 522