great historic interest and artistic excellence. It brings with it also those feelings which come with the likeness of a distinguished leader and beloved comrade whose recent loss is a fresh grief both to the regents and to the donor.

THE secretary of the National Education Association announces that reservations on the special inaugural trains which will leave Atlantic City the night of March 3 to reach Washington the morning of March 4, should be made at once. This is necessary to insure an ample number of Pullman coaches to accommodate all who expect to come to Washington to see President-elect Harding inaugurated. Members of the association who plan to attend the meeting of the Department of Superintendence and who expect to come to Washington on these special trains should write J. W. Crabtree, secretary, National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth Street N. W., Washington, D. C., immediately asking him to make berth reservations, even though it should be necessary to cancel the reservations later. Applicants should give full name and address. The Pullman rates have not yet been fixed, but the association is assured that they will be reasonable.

THE N. E. A. Bulletin calls attention to the fact that one of the problems for the first representative assembly at the Des Moines meeting is to work out a satisfactory plan of paying the expenses of the delegates appointed by state and local associations. The association can not on a $2.00 membership fee pay even part of these expenses. The burden is too heavy for individual delegates to bear all their own expenses, and too heavy for local associations at distant points from the place where the meeting is held to bear the expenses of their delegates. Miss Cornelia Adair, 1606 Grove Avenue, Richmond, is chairman of a committee to prepare a report on this question which will be submitted to the first representative assembly at the Des Moines meeting July 4-8. The expenses of delegates at this first meeting will be paid by delegates themselves or by local and state associations. It is the hope of the executive committee that a satisfactory plan may be worked out at Des Moines which will apply to all future meet

ings. Miss Adair will appreciate receiving suggestions for her report from active members of the association.

THE Prudential Committee of Yale University has recommended that the number of hours of instruction now offered by the individual teachers should be increased wherever possible, with a consequent reduction in the number of the teaching force, at least until the university's finances are placed upon a sounder basis.

By a recent ruling of the Detroit Board of Education all new teachers and substitutes who are candidates for regular positions, are required to take an intelligence examination.

ALTHOUGH the University of Pennsylvania Press has not yet been incorporated, it has already begun to do a printing and publishing business, under the direction of Charles H. Clarke as printing adviser and manager.

THE Northwest Central Education Association met at the Moorhead State Normal School on December 2 and 3. The principal speakers were Dr. L. D. Coffman, president of the University of Minnesota; Dr. C. A. Prosser, Dunwoody Institute, and Dr. Allan Hoben, Charleton College. The officers of the association are as follows: President, J. M. Brendal, Perham; Vice-president, C. E. Huff, Moorehead Normal School; Secretary-Treasurer, Superintendent Antoinette Henderson, Fergus Falls. Executive Committee: Superintendent J. B. Hagen, Detroit; E. E. Wright, Comstock; Esther Ferris, Moorhead.

THE annual convention of the Oregon State Teachers' Association was held in Portland, December 29, 30, 31. The speakers included President Burton, of the University of Michigan; Superintendent F. M. Hunter, of Oakland, California, president-elect of the National Education Association, and Miss Nina Buchanan, of the Seattle public schools, president-elect of the National League of Teach

ers.

THE fifteenth annual conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association opened at the Hotel Sherman, Chicago, on December 29.

THE newly organized Association of College and University Financial and Business Officers of the Eastern States will meet at the University of Pennsylvania on November 28 and 29, 1921. Some twenty universities and colleges attended the organization meeting at Johns Hopkins University on November 26 and 27.

AT the recent meeting of the Texas State Teachers' Association, held at Ft. Worth, November 27, the Elementary Principals' Section unanimously adopted the enclosed resolution:

Be it resolved that the principals of elementary schools should have a national organization; that a delegate be sent to represent every city having as many as three elementary schools; that copies of this resolution be forwarded to each city superintendent of each city having as many as three elementary schools: and, be it further resolved that boards of education be requested to defray the expenses of delegate to a national convention of elementary school principals: and, be it further resolved that the elementary school principals of Texas meet at the Atlantic City meeting of the Department of Superintendence in February, there to organize a National Elementary School Principals Association.

A VIGOROUS campaign is being waged by a committee of fifty to raise a fund of $200,000 with which to finance the graduate school of medicine of the University of Pennsylvania for the present year. The committee was appointed in accordance with the following resolutions:

Resolved: That in the judgment of the board of trustees the maintenance and development of the Graduate School of Medicine is essential alike to the cause of medical education in this commonwealth and to the leadership of the university in this field.

Resolved: That the budget of the Graduate School of Medicine for the year 1920-21, involving an estimated deficit of $158,079.37, be approved.

Resolved: That a committee consisting of all the members of this board and such others as may be appointed by the provost be empowered to cooperate with the managers of the hospitals of the Graduate School of Medicine in raising the necessary funds for the support of that school.

FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON has bequeathed his residuary estate, estimated at from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000, to Williams College, of which he was a senior trustee for many years and a benefactor during his life. He gave $100,000 additional to the college to establish eight scholarships for worthy students from Clinton County. The testator directs preference be given to students from the city of Plattsburg and the towns of Champlain, Chazy and Ausable in that order.

THE Teachers College Record states that the General Education Board has contracted with an architect to prepare the building plans for a new Lincoln School. The architect has been working for months to secure the best possible distribution of space and is now putting the final plans into detailed form. The plans are a result of a conference of the architect with teachers of the school and Professors Strayer and Englehardt and others of Teachers College, and are made in the hope that the physical equipment of the new school may be an important contribution to this phase of pure educational work.

IT is proposed to establish in Washington, D. C., an educational center for advanced study of the theory of government and departmental administration to be undertaken by a committee of college professors and others recently appointed by Paul S. Reinsch, president of the American Political Science Association. The committee will make plans for the systematic use of the facilities available in Washington for political research by American and foreign students.

versity Department of Agriculture as instructors. This is the first step taken toward preparation for the state agricultural college which is to be provided for out of the proceeds of the severance tax, imposed for the first time this year on the production of various industries from the natural resources of the state, such as lumber, sulphur, oil, salt and fisheries.

THE president of the University of Wisconsin is now the highest salaried employee of the state. The 1920-21 budget places his salary at $10,000 for twelve months' service. The deans of departments are to receive $7,500, full professors, $5,142.67; associate professors, $3,655.85; assistant professors, $2,822.90, and instructors, $1,819.02. The dean of the college of agriculture receives about $8,500, as he is. furnished a home. Three members of the law faculty below the dean receive about $6,500.

JUSTICE FORD in the New York Supreme Court has dismissed the case of Nathaniel Becker, laboratory assistant in the Stuyvesant High School, who has sued Associated Superintendents Meleney and Straubenmueller and District Superintendents Lyon and Tildsley collectively for $50,000 and individually for $10,000 because he claimed that they had libelled him in their reports and were responsible for his failure to have his license as assistant teacher of chemistry in the Bushwick High School renewed. According to the report in School, in his review of the case Justice Ford said, "Of all fantastic cases that ever came before me, and I have had many, this is the most fantastic." Mr. Becker taught in the Bushwick High School when Frank Rollins was principal. He refused to renew the teacher's license for assistant teachers and District Superintendent Lyon after investigating the case endorsed the principal's stand. Subsequently the other superintendents after studying Mr. Becker's record supported Mr. Rollins. The teacher alleged that he had been libelled in the reports. The defendants claimed that they had privileged rights in setting forth their opinions of the teacher's fitness. Justice Ford sustained their claim in emphatic language.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE MEN OF AFFAIRS FOR COLLEGE EXECUTIVES

DURING the war, when hundreds of thousands of college-trained American youth and men were justifying their past experiences by their rising to the inexorable demands of wholly new emergencies the critic of college and university has maintained relative quiet. The publication by the New York Times on March 1 of such a criticism by John Hays Hammond in the Yale News indicates clearly, the Senate of these United States to the contrary notwithstanding that peace has begun.

The published plea for "more practical" college and university training commands our respect, if for no other reason because of its historical recurrence in nearly every generation of written history. Latin was originally introduced into our educational repertoire because it was the language of commerce. Science, centuries later was admitted because of outside pressure, living language and history later became orthodox. So that it is entirely becoming that every one who is ready to sug gest how to make college "more practical" be given a full, even if a patient, hearing.

Historically, our social order has been in debted to the Church for education. Gradually the state is multiplying its educational machinery and opportunity and scope of influence.

Broadly speaking these religious bodies mo deal more with higher education than with elementary; though the Roman Catholic Church still affords its traditional opportunity

Indeed Mr. Hammond himself is indebted to this group of private institutions for the academic memories concerning which he personally testifies. In these institutions there has always been a dearth of dollars. The history of higher education in America is one of "making brick without straw." Great love, devotion, sacrifice have been freely given to this financial handicap.

Meantime higher professional training has gradually been extended and adapted to meet the social obligation of some other than the clergy until to-day the scope of such training in the progressive university is quite staggering. Mr. Hammond properly mourns the fact

that young men do not view their university days very seriously. Of course it is fitting to recognize that our youth are young still. Time has not yet robbed them of that. But to testify that "the fellow who's avowedly or even professedly at college with the primary object of equipping himself for a career is in the way of being an amusing character" is a generalization based doubtless on too frequent individual cases or even places-but it does ignore in rather unscientific (yes and unscholarly) fashion the facts for the mass of undergraduates in the 600 colleges of the land. The statement would not pass unchallenged by students themselves in hundreds of large and small colleges.

Mr. Hammond's use of the terms College and University as interchangeable is as unfortunate as the language of the charters of many of them. Education as a science is relatively young. There are, however, as any specialist in that field must know-and as any one care ly inspecting certain of our most broadly cosmopolitan universities would observe fundamental differences between them. While the university student is young, yet there is an avowed or admitted or at least a potential purpose in the professional training which he secures quite unlike the expensive societies to which in most institutions only a fraction can possibly belong.

Mr. Hammond pleads that college experience be made "more practical." Indeed-but

The world wants character in the college man or woman-but there is an ominous silence as to technique for "growing" it. The Interchurch World Movement is spending millions in offices, personnel, survey and so on in studying this very problem.

The world wants sense and judgment, even a sense of humor.

The world wants a man to do things, also to do certain things.

The world wants vision and leadership based thereon.

The world wants a man to be financially effective.

The world wants initiative as well as a

familiarity with facts and formulæ and things, and so on.

But the casual critic, as well as those who devote their entire time to investigating this problem leave us "foggy" on what interests the practical man-the how!

How will you develop character?

The parents, educators, scientists of the world will welcome a functional reply. The best answer to-day is through actual exercise of the specific element of character which it is desired to produce aided by the environment. Learn by or through doing! But how produce the "situations" necessary to do that? How? How guarantee results? The world awaits a working answer.

Will this subtle mental problem of how to change the viewpoint of another human being be guaranteed by putting at the head "a man who has made his mark-rather than a scholar"? Indeed many scholars have made their mark on society.

Most fields of human endeavor are so highly specialized that a man can make his mark in any of them just as a man can be a "mark" in any of them.

Indeed some students of American education would challenge Mr. Hammond to prove that the "heads of higher institutions" were scholars to-day in the full meaning of that term. They are very often chosen for certain qualities of administration or of promotion or development and it is nothing infrequent, nor indeed embarrassing for "the head" of an institution to have in his institution numerous men who outrank him in scholarly qualities or rating.

Mr Hammond's proposal of "men of affairs" (who could be attracted by the average salary of $5,500) for college or university executives is suggestive, but to propose the successful maker of "flivvers," e.g., for a university president would, I fear, still leave the burden of proof up to Mr. Hammond to show that the man would be successful in an entirely different field.

A great artist, a playwright (we can only conjecture what Wm. Shakespeare might have

made of Yale) a big banker, a great inventor, a captain of industry-for all these, success in one field, while heightening our expectation, still affords small guaranty that they would show instant or even ultimate success in another.

The experiment is worthy of notice but must be frankly recognized as an experiment in spite of the technical weight of Mr. Hammond's study of the field. The great banker might not make a great doctor after middle life or a great college executive-although he might. However, we can clearly see that at least the banker could help pay the operating costs of the college!

Meanwhile the cosmopolitan tasks we set for the college loom big. The religionist sets for it certain moral and character objectives; the employer, the man of affairs wants certain forms of commercializable skills delivered to him; the technician wants practise properly mixed with the theory; the man interested in government wants certain citizenship factors to be produced; the art and literary group urge at least the generating of certain appreciations; public health demands some attention to physical factors; an age of specialization demands vocational consciousness and preparation for the resultant outlook; somehow the individual and the task must be matched in the puzzle of life; the young man's future wife and family expect certain earning capacities; while future need calls for morals, manners, methods, causes, results, relations, ideas, ideals and so on almost without end.

How easy that would be for any "practical man" who "had made his mark" is reserved for our individual judgment. It would depend on how easy it proved to be. The human element looms large. Before accepting the job, the proposed executive might well confer with fathers and mothers of say a half dozen boys of the ages fifteen or sixteen to twenty-one and sagely ponder their advice. Colleges can and must improve, yet bachelor and spinster advice in the training of youth inevitably involves limitations. It is a technical specialized field. H. W. HURT

EDITOR COLLEGE BLUE BOOK,
NEW YORK CITY

QUOTATIONS

YOUNG WAGE-EARNERS IN ENGLAND THE analysis which we published last week of the local by-laws regulating the employment of school children in fifty urban areas showed plainly that there are certain errors of judgment which the many areas still without such by-laws should avoid. Indeed, it is a matter for surprise that the Home Office should have confirmed some of the by-laws now in operation. Had there been due coordination between the Home Office and the Board of Education, the necessary modifications would have been made. There ought in all cases to be a definite maximum number of hours allowed for labor after school closes. No fewer than 10 authorities have fixed the hour at which work must finish, but place no limit on the time available for work between the closing of school and that hour. Again, the Home Office have laid down no ruling fixing the number of hours that can be worked on Saturdays and holidays. As things stand, under many of the by-laws over-work on a serious scale can be imposed on children over 12 years. One authority has fixed the maximum hours for work per week when the school is open at 24. This means that the child may work 12 hours on Saturdays. We drew attention when the Education Bill was before Parliament to this possible abuse. It is now sanctioned by the Home Office.

Many other criticisms can be made. To allow girls of fourteen and fifteen to act as street traders is a scandal. No less than nine authorities allow boys to take up street trading at the age of fourteen. Three authorities allow any form of Sunday work except such as is expressly prohibited for all children. Many allow the employment of young children in slaughterhouses. Some of the authorities make no provision to protect the children from injury to health from inclement weather. It is useless to make protests to authorities who are willing to sacrifice child life and child character is this way. They are immune to public criticism, and indeed meet all such criticism by the reply that the Home Office is satisfied. The high standard set by