cause of such deformity was owing to the neglect of the parents while the teeth were being shed. Had a dentist been consulted, the crowded condition of the teeth could have been remedied. There were too many for the space to be occupied; so they became irregular, pressing each other, and thereby deforming the mouth. The above case of deformity is but one in thousands that could be related. But even allowing that all due care has been exercised to preserve the symmetry of the dental arch by having at the proper time the teeth removed, so that there is no crowding or malformation, still, unless the teeth are preserved from decay by proper attention to their health, there will be a difficulty of articulation and enunciation. Dr. Hill relates a case that occurred in his own practice: The Rev. Mr. S. was deeply afflicted with a diseased bicuspid, situated on the right side of the upper jaw. He called at our office for relief; we advised extraction, and it was removed. On the following Sabbath, while engaged in the performance of Divine service, he became so annoyed by the loss of that tooth, and so difficult was his enunciation, that he was compelled to stop in the midst of his discourse, and explain the cause of his difficulty to his congregation. And this from the loss of a single tooth." If such a case of inconvenience arises from the loss of a single tooth, what must be the effect where, from neglect, almost all are lost. A clergyman not long since called upon us to have some slight operation performed, who had, by inattention and neglect, allowed tartar to collect and remain around his teeth, so that his breath was not only very offensive, but a number of his teeth were lost from this cause, and others were loose. Such was the condition of his mouth, that when he spoke in the pulpit a hissing sound was audible throughout the church. The teeth cannot have too much room. If they were a little separated, they would be less liable to decay. Such men as Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Patrick Henry, and others, had broad, well-formed mouths. It behooves every one, especially public speakers, to seek to remedy, as far as possible, any deformity that may arise from the loss of the teeth. In a great measure this may be effected by artificial substitutes. In this age of dentistry there is no deformity or loss that cannot be readily remedied and supplied by the competent dental surgeon in such a manner that, after a little practice, the artificial teeth may be said to make up the deficiency occasioned by the loss of the natural, and fulfill to a wonderful degree all purposes of mastication, articulation, and beauty. Artificial teeth are now made and set on various material, principally on gold and platina. Those on gold are mostly parts of sets, for which purpose it is the best; but for whole upper or under sets, Dr. John Allen's invention of continuous gum-work, or, in other words, a porcelain body baked on a base of platina, is now taking the place of all other materials. One of the principal reasons is that the materials are perfectly pure, being porcelain, pure gold, and platina, so constructed that no impurities of the mouth can tarnish or penetrate them; then again it is in one piece, and can be so enameled and carved as to almost defy detection, or awaken the suspicion that they are artificial. The use of false teeth is very ancient. Although we have no reliable information in what country or among what people they originated, there are accounts of these appliances in the works of Grecian and Roman authors; but they must have been of the rudest kind, and of far different make and material from those of the present day. It was not until the present century that anything like perfection and comfort were attained in the manufacture and use of artificial dentures. It is, in fact, but a few years since the principal material of which artificial teeth were composed was either that of various animals, or human teeth; all of which answered but partially, as all such material was more or less liable to decay, and become offensive in the mouth. Then, again, the metal and other attachments were of the rudest kind, soon wearing and injuring the teeth to which they were attached. Within a few years this branch of dentistry has advanced with rapid strides, so that now, as we have remarked above, artificial teeth of the purest material and perfect adaptation to the mouth can be obtained, answering all purposes for which they are needed. ART. X.-RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE. ENGLAND. Protestantism. - A number of BILLS RELATING TO RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS have been acted upon by the Parliament in the usual manner. Spooner's Anti-Maynooth bill has been defeated by a large majority. A bill for the abolition of Church rates has been carried in the House of Commons, but rejected by the House of Lords. The Jews have at length forced their entrance into Parliament, the House of Lords having passed a bill to permit the House of Commons to admit Jews. THE POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT WITH REGARD TO INDIA will not be changed. Its countenance and aid will not be given to the means of bringing the Christian religion under the notice of the native population, but the strictest neutrality will be observed as before. The petitions for a division of the diocese of Calcutta, and the erection of several new episcopal sees have not been granted. So much the greater have been the efforts of the MisSIONARY SOCIETIES, most of which have had, during the past year, a considerable in crease of income. The strife of PARTIES IN THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH has continued with great violence. The Bishop of London has withdrawn the license of the Rev. Mr. Poole, of St. Barnabas, Pimlico, for grave charges brought against him in connection with his use of the confessional and of private absolution. On appeal to the Archbishop of Canterbury, this withdrawal has been confirmed. The Puseyite friends of Mr. Poole contest the charges of immorality brought against him, and insist that his conduct is wholly in conformity with the letter of the English Prayer Book. A writer in the Union even thinks that "with such fellows [who charge Mr. Poole and the ladies who work for the Church of St. Barnabas] there is no other way of dealing than the argumentum ad baculum." The special services at Exeter Hall have been resumed by a clergyman of the Established Church, and twelve clergymen have been announced to preach on twelve successive Sundays. As the laws forbid any person to "officiate" in a parish without the incumbent's consent, they will use, not the Prayer Book, but extempore prayers, and a made up service of their own. Thus, they say, they do not "officiate," but merely avail themselves of a law which gives to every Englishman the right to address his countrymen in any place and on any subject, provided public order be be not disturbed. Mr. Edouart, the incumbent, appeals strongly to his bishop to protect him, but the bishop leaves him to the law. The Roman Church. A circular has just been issued to the supporters of THE TABLET, signed by one of the proprietors, announcing that it is impossible to carry on that paper without some assistance, stating that the circulation has fallen off from 5,200 to 2,000, and that it entails a positive loss of $250 per annum. It is a remarkable fact that the mortality of the leading Roman Catholic papers in nearly every country of Europe is greater than that of any other class of periodicals. GERMANY, PRUSSIA, AUSTRIA. Protestantism. -THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE LUTHERAN AND THE EVANGELCAL PARTIES IN PRUSSIA continues without abatement. The third party, the Rationalists, seem to be, at least among the clergy, without any organization. In the province of Pomerania, a petition to the Supreme Ecclesiastical Council, of about seventy clergymen, and some patrons and magistrates, for the maintenance of the Union, has been followed by petitions with by far more numerous sig natures for the protection of the Lutheran Confession. The supreme head of the Church tries hard to satisfy both parties, but on the whole, its decisions are in favor of the Union. The "Central Verein" of Saxony, the oldest of the orthodox societies of the clergy, has expressed, with all votes against ten, the wish that the consistory may bind the clergymen, at their ordination and appointment, to the unaltered Confession of Augsburg, of 1530, as a symbolical book. This is considered as an important move toward an entire identification with the Lutheran party. On the other hand, the evangelical "Union Association," under the leadership of Dr. Stier and Professor Jacobi has likewise largely increased the number of its members, as now nearly three hundred clergymen of the province belong to it. An effort of THE LUTHERAN PARTY IN BAVARIA to start a Lutheran Church Diet in opposition to the German Church Diets, has been frustrated by a prohibition of the Supreme Consistory of Munich, "because there seemed to be no need for it." THE CHURCH CONSTITUTION OF WIRTEMBERG will soon undergo important changes. The Evangelical Synod, which consists of the members of the Royal Consistory and the six SuperintendentsGeneral, has, in the name of the Church, expressed the wish that the Supreme Ecclesiastical Board be reinstated in its former or a similar relation to the Evangelical seminaries; that the Church have the right of concurrence in the appointment of theological professors at the University of Tubingen; that the congregations have a right of participation in the filling of the local Church offices; that provision be made for a restitution of the property of the Church, and for a suitable administration of local donations. It also prays for the convocation of a General Synod, to consist, besides the present members of the Evangelical Synod, of a theological professor of Tubingen, of one of the presidents of the Evangelical seminaries, of one dean, three clerical and three lay deputies of each of the six diocesses. No doubt is entertained that the government will grant these points. THE RATIONALISTS still flourish in the Thuringian states; but in Prussia a pastor of the State Church has been deposed for having acknowledged his disbelief in the divinity of Christ, while in Hesse-Darmstadt, another minister, who had preached against the existence of a devil, has come off with a reprimand. THE BAPTISTS have at length been recognized as legally constituted in Hamburg and Nassau, and in Hesse Cassel orders have been given to be more lenient toward them. The Roman Church. The great INFLUENCE OF THE JESUITS IN AUSTRIA is still on the increase. In Innsbruck, the capital of Tyrol, where the government gave to them all the chairs in the theological faculty of the University, they now establish a large seminary, after the example of the Collegium Germanicum in Rome, in order to train, the more efficiently, the candidates for the secular ministry in an unreserved obedience to Rome. In Vienna, where likewise a Jesuit and a Dominican have been appointed professors of theology, the archbishop urges the younger members of the clergy to meet the two Italian monks from time to time in theological discussions. A letter of the General of the Jesuits to Count Thun, the Minister of Public Instruction, which has recently been published, claims for the members of the order who are appointed as professors of state institutions, an exemption from the usual examination by the proper authorities of the state, and for the superiors of the order the right of appointing, without any concurrence on the part of the state ministry, the most suitable persons. At an ASSEMBLY OF GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN BISHOPS, at Fulda, which is to meet every other year for the purpose of holding a spiritual retreat, no more than eight bishops appeared. THE MONASTIC ORDERS and religious associations among laymen multiply in all parts of Germany to an extraordinary degree, and also in Austria the increase has been greater than usual. THE GOVERNMENT OF WIRTEMBERG has abolished the so-called Royal Catholic Church Council, a board of state officers, mostly laymen, whose duty it was to guard the rights of the state against any encroachment on the part of the Roman hierarchy. Its existence has been for many years among the principal complaints of the Catholic party. The same party exults at another success in the kingdom of Hanover, where, at its request, the professors of Catholic colleges have been exempted from the provisions of a new law, which classes the professors of the colleges among the state officers. The teachers of the elementary schools, though paid by the state, had already before been recog nized as officers of the Church. The alliance between the Protestant aristocracy of Hanover and the Roman bishops is complete. The Prussian government has this year given the permission which in former years was repeatedly refused, that the GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE CATHOLIC OF PIUS ASSOCIATIONS be held in Cologne. Several foreign bishops, and some of the leaders of the Catholic party in France and Belgium, are expected at this assembly, which is likely to surpass in importance any of the preceding ones. The editors of THE LEADING POLITICAL DAILY of the Catholic party, Deutschland, have been arrested on account of debts, and the paper for one day stopped. It is doubted, if the paper, which has never been self-sustaining, but chiefly supported by the Archduchess Sophia, the mother of the Emperor of Austria, will survive the present year. SWITZERLAND. Protestantism. -THE FIRST EVANGELICAL HELVETIC CONFERENCE, which was held in Zurich on April 27th and 28th, was attended by representatives of all the fifteen Protestant State Churches. Four cantons, Zurich, Vaud, Geneva, and Neufchatel, were represented by clergymen and laymen, the others only by clergymen. It was resolved to recommend to all the cantonal Church governments to have, in future, Good Friday observed as a holy day. The answers of the cantons will be heard at the next conference, which is to meet in Zurich in the spring of 1859. With regard to the Protestant chaplains in the federal army, no memorial will be addressed this year to the federal government, but it was resolved to draw up a liturgy for Divine services in the army, and to discuss the whole subject more fully next year. Although the questions that came up this year were of minor importance, the establishment of regular General Conferences is considered by the whole Protestant press as an important bond of union between the cantonal Churches on the one hand and Switzerland and Germany on the other, and thus as the beginning of a new era in the Church history of Protestant Switzerland. Several cantons have lately recommenced to celebrate THE INSTALLATION OF THE NEWLY ELECTED GRAND COUNCILS by a special divine service. In Zurich the services on this occasion were attended by nearly all the members of the new Grand Council, and a large assemblage of people. The Roman Church. -The Roman Catholics of TESSIN, one of the largest cantons, have long complained that they are under the spiritual jurisdiction of two Austrian bishops, (of Milan and Como,) who are appointed by the Austrian emperor, without consulting the government of Tessin, and that the whole clergy of the canton are educated in Austrian seminaries. The efforts of the Grand Council to obtain from Rome the appointment of a bishop for Tessin alone, have hitherto proved fruitless. The Federal Assembly at Bern has now resolved to demand the ecclesiastical separation of Tessin from Austria as a federal affair. After reformatories for youthful delinquents have been for several years in successful opperation in Protestant Switzerland, the Roman Catholics will establish the first CATHOLIC REFORMATORY in Lucern, for which eighty thousand francs have been collected. SCANDINAVIA. Protestantism.-THE INTOLERANCE OF SWEDEN has not been satisfied with rejection of the several bills introduced in the Diet for establishing greater relig ious toleration, but has even dared actually to revive the penalty of exile for secession from the State Church. Six married women, who had joined the Roman Church, have been sentenced to exile and the loss of the rights of citizenship and inheritance, and the sentence has already been executed. In 1853 (of so ancient a date is their offense) a lawsuit commenced against them was quashed by the Chancellor; but several months ago, at the instigation of the Prince Regent, the nobility, and the clergy, the documents were returned to the court with the request to give the decision as soon as possible. On the 19th of May judgment was pronounced, and the victims of Lutheran intolerance transported to Denmark, where they now live unmolested. In view of such outrages, committed by a Protestant people and priesthood, it is gratifying to know that the intolerance of Sweden has everywhere been repudiated by Protestants as entirely inconsistent with the principles of Protestantism. The Archives du Christianisme, the organ of the Independent Evangelical Churches of France, have even opened a subscription, in order to give the French Protestants an opportunity "to make partly good the wrong inflicted on these poor women by a Church which calls itself Protestant." In the first list of contributors, we find FOURTH SERIES, VOL. X.-42 the names of Lutheran, Reformed, Evangelical Reformed, (Independent,) Methodist, and Baptist ministers. Among the Swedish people there is at present A GREAT RELIGIOUS AWAKENING. The Rev. Dr. Steane writes from Sweden that there is not a parish where the awakening is not taking place, and persons of every grade of life are coming under its influence. "There is a freshness and simplicity in the new religious life here, which contrasts strangely with the old fixed and conventional forms in which we (in England) are accustomed to see it." The Roman Church. A great EXCITEMENT AGAINST THE ROMAN CATHOLICS seems to reign at present in Christiania and other parts of Norway. In Christiania the Lutheran pastors have commenced a suit against the Catholic priest for not having informed the police of the transition of a Protestant woman to the Roman Church, as the Dissenter Law of 1845 requires, and the priest having been found guilty, has been sentenced to a fine of one hundred dollars. The Catholic congregation of STOCKHOLM is erecting a spacious hospital, which will be conducted by the Sisters of Mercy, and will serve also as an orphanage and poorhouse. The necessary means they hope to raise in Austria, whose emperor has permitted them to take up a collection in the whole empire. FRANCE. The Roman Church. The great Roman Catholic MISSIONARY SOCIETIES which center in France, report for the year 1857 a considerable increase of their income. The Society for the Propagation of the Faith received 4,101,716 francs, an increase of 286,000 francs over the preceding year. The Children's Missionary Society ("Society of the Holy Childhood") had an income of 1,037,629 francs, an increase of 80,705 francs. The FrenchSpanish expedition to Farther India, which is to put a stop to the persecution of the French missionaries and the native Catholics, was to sail in July. Also on the peninsula of Corea the French missionaries entertain and propagate the opinion that Corea will soon be taken possession of by France. The number of missionaries is constantly increasing; no less than eighty-four young men ordained priests by Archbishop Morlot, of Paris, on May 31, nearly all of whom will go into the foreign missions. The were |