or about three seers of leaves are thrown in at a time-the quantity which a manufacturer is capable of lifting with both hands. With the hands the leaves are kept moving with a rotatory motion in the pan, and when they become very hot, the motion is kept up with a pair of forked sticks. This process is continued for three or four minutes, depending on the heat of the pan, or until the leaves feel hot and soft. They are then, with one sweep of a bamboo brush, swept into a basket, and thrown on to the rolling-table, which is covered with a coarse mat made of bamboo. Each manufacturer then takes as much as he can hold in both hands, and forms a ball and commences to roll it with all his might with a semicircular motion, which causes a greenish yellow juice to exude. This process is continued for three or four minutes, the balls being occasionally undone and made up again. The balls are then handed to another party at the extremity of the table, to undo them and spread the leaves out thinly on flat baskets and expose them to the sun, if there is any; if not, they are kept in the manufactory. After all the leaves have gone through this process, the first baskets are brought back, and the leaves again transferred to the pan, worked up in a similar manner for the same length of time, re-transferred to the table, and again rolled. This being done, the leaves are again spread out on large flat baskets to cool On being cooled the leaves are collected together and thinly spread out on flat wicker-worked sieve baskets, which are placed in others of a deep and of a double-coned shape. The choolahs being lighted for some time, and the charcoal burning clear, they are now ready to receive the coned baskets. The basket is placed over the choolah and kept there for about five minutes. The leaves are then removed, re-transferred to the flat baskets, and re-rolled for a few minutes. This being done, the leaves are again brought together, placed in the conical basket and kept over the charcoal fire for about two minutes. The contents of the conical baskets are then all collected together in a heap, and as much is placed in a conical basket as it will hold, and it is again placed over the charcoal choolah until the tea is perfectly dry. During this time the baskets are frequently removed and the tea turned, in order to allow the leaves to be completely and uniformly dried, and the basket too is generally struck, on removal, a violent side blow with the hand, to remove from the sieve any small particles that might otherwise fall into the fire. Before removing the basket from the choolah, a flat basket is always placed on the floor to receive it, and all the particles which pass through, on the coned basket being struck, are again replaced. On the conical basket being filled. before placing it over the choolah, a funnel is made in the centre of the tea with the hand, to allow the heated air to pass through. Sometimes a funnel made of bamboo is made for this purpose. After the tea feels perfectly dry, it is packed in boxes, and sent to the godown.

"Next day the different kinds of tea are picked, and on being separated they are again placed in the conical baskets and heated. During this process the baskets are frequently removed from the choolah in order to turn the tea, so that the heating may be general and uniform. In doing this a flat basket is always placed on the floor, as on the former day (and a flat basket, too, is placed on the top to confine the heat), to receive the conical one, which receive one or two blows to open the pores of the sieve. What passes through is replaced among the tea. When it is perfectly dry it is ready for finally packing.

"The kinds of black tea at present manufactured are-Souchong. Pouchong, Flowery Pekoe, and Bohea. The Flowery Pekoe is manufactured in Sep

tember.

Method of manufacturing Green Tea.-On the young and fresh leaves being plucked they are spread out on the ground of the airing room and allowed to cool. After remaining for about two hours, or (if brought in late in the afternoon) during the night, they are removed to the green tea room. The pans being properly heated, the leaves, as in the case with the black tea, are thrown into the pans and kept either with the hand or two forked sticks in constant motion for three or four minutes, and are then removed to the rolling table, and then roiled in the same manner in balls as the black tea. They are then scattered most sparingly on large flat baskets and exposed to the heat of the sun. If there is no sun the baskets are arranged in frames, which are placed over the choolah, heated with charcoal. During the drying the leaves are frequently made into

balls and rolled in the flat baskets, in order to extract the juice. The drying process continues for about two hours, and on the leaves becoming dry, those contained in two baskets are thrown together, and then four basketfuls into one, and so on until they are all collected together. In this state the leaves still feel soft, damp, and pliant to the hand, and are now brought back to the tea manufacturing room. Opposite to each of the inclined pans, which have been properly heated so as to feel warm to the hand by wood supplied to the ovens underneath, one of the Chinese stations himself, and puts as many leaves into it as it will hold. He then moves them in a heap gently, from before backward, making these perform a circle, and presses them strongly to the sides of the pan. As the leaves become hot he uses a flat piece of wood, in order that he may more effectually compress them. This process continues for about two hours, the leaves being compressed into at least half of their bulk, and becomes so dry that when pressed against the back part of the pan in mass, they again fall back in pieces. The tea, as by this time it has assumed this appearance, is now placed in a bag made of American drill or jean (the size depending on the quantity of tea), which is damped, and one end twisted with much force over a stick, and thus it is much reduced in size. After being thus powerfully compressed and beaten so as to reduce the mass as much as possible, the bag is exposed to the sun until it feels perfectly dry. If there is no sun it is placed in the heated pan, and there retained until it is so. This finishes the first day's process.

On the second day it is placed in small quantities in the heated inclined pans, and moved up and down against the sides and bottom with the palm of the hand, which is made to perform a semi-circle. This is continued for about six hours, and by so doing the color of the tea is gradually brought out.

"The third day it is passed through sieve baskets of different dimensions, then exposed to the winnowing machine, which separates the different kinds of green teas. The winnowing machine is divided into a series of divisions, which receive the different kinds according to their size and weight. 1st. Coarsest Souchoo. This tea, owing to its coarseness, is not marketable. 2d. Chounchoo. This is a large, round-grained tea. 3d. Machoo. This is also a round-grained tea, but finer than the former. 4th. Hyson. 5th. Gunpowder Hyson. 6th. Chumat. This kind of tea consists of broken particles of other kinds of tea.

"On being separated, the different kinds are placed in baskets and picked by the hand, all the old or badly curled and also light-colored leaves being removed, and others of different varieties, which by chance may have become mixed. To make the bad or light-colored leaves marketable, they undergo an artificial process of coloring, but this I have prohibited in compliance with the orders of the Court of Directors, and therefore do not consider this tea at present fit for the market. On the different teas being properly picked, they are again placed in the heated inclined pans, and undergo separately the process of being moved violently up and down and along the bottom of the pan for three hours in the manner already described. The color is now fully developed. If the tea feels damp, it is kept longer than three hours in the pan. The tea is now ready to be packed.

"Packing.-As soon as the tea is prepared, boxes lined with sheet-lead ought to be ready to receive it. On being packed it is to be firmly pressed down, and the lead is then to be soldered. Before the sheet-lead box is placed in the wooden one it is covered with paper, which is pasted on to prevent any air acting on the tea through any holes which might exist in the lead. The box is then nailed, removed to the godown, papered, stamped, and numbered. It is then ready for sale.

66

From what I have just stated, it will be perceived that box-makers and sheetlead makers are essential to form a complete tea establishment. With reference to the box-making it is unnecessary for me to make any remarks, further than that care is to be taken in selecting wood for making boxes, as it ought to be free of all smell. All coniferous (pine) woods are therefore unfit for the purpose. In the hills the best woods are toon and walnut, and at Deyrah the saul (Shorea Robusta)."

The knowledge of the tea-plant among the Chinese cannot

be traced back further than the year 350, but its general introduction was about the year 800. It is botanically allied to the camellia, and much resembles it. The plant is from three to six feet high, and usually presents a dense mass of foliage or an infinite number of small twigs-a result of the practice of cutting it down. In Assam, where it is found wild, it reaches the height of 30 feet. The leaf is a dark green, and the flowers are white and inodorous. It is usually raised in China by a few individuals, who cultivate a few dozen or scores of shrubs upon their own lands, and either cure the leaves themselves or sell them to their neighbors after assorting them according to their quality. There are but few large plantations under the the care of landlords. The produce of old and celebrated nurseries is carefully collected and cured by itself, and a native authority asserts that the prices of such lots vary from $15 to $100 per pound. The manufacture of the chests, lining them with lead, and transporting them to the ship, give occupation at Canton to many thousand persons. The refuse of packing-houses is sold to the poor at a low rate, under the name oftea endings" and "tea bones." It is, a necessary of life to all classes of the people. The black tea is of course the most beneficial. Neither the Chinese nor Japanese use milk or sugar in their tea. The latter sometimes reduce the leaves to powder, and pour boiling water through them in a colander in the same way that coffee is often made.

Tea being now considered an article of prime necessity in the United States, is imported duty free, and such are the prejudices upon this subject it would be almost impossible to levy a tariff upon it again, whatever might be the exigencies of the Treasury. If successfully introduced into the United States, the consumption would perhaps swell in amount to twenty or thirty millions of dollars annually.

For the data required in the preparation of this paper we are indebted to the able work by P. L. Simmonds, of London, entitled The Commercial Products of the Vegetable World, to Mr. Williams' work on the Chinese Empire, and to the United States Consular Reports. The reader will also consult to advantage on the same subject, Mr. Bonynge's work, published in 1850, and several of the earlier volumes of the REVIEW.

ART. II-SLAVERY AGGRESSIONS.

FOUR centuries ago there was little trade or commerce: each country raising its own agricultural products.

After Europe and America had become dependent for sub

sistence on tropical and slave products, the abolitionists succeeded in freeing the slaves of the West Indies, Mexico, Mauritius, and a great part of South America. Very soon scarcity of provisions became normal and famine frequent throughout Europe. Now, enormous efforts are being made by France and England, Spain, and our Southern States, to retrieve the error committed by a short-sighted philanthropy, and to supply the places of the liberated negroes by introducing apprentices and Coolies in their stead, or by renewing the old slave-trade itself. It is a resistless effort of nature to supply the vacuum in the industrial market, which abolition had brought about. Slavery has truly become aggressive, ingressive, and progressive. It is the most distinguishing phenomenon of the great reactionary conservative movement of our day. Rosewater philanthropy has run the length of its tether-has had its day. Feminine men or masculine women no longer control or influence the affairs of the world. Already hated and contemned they will very soon bring about the necessity of greatly abridging, by legal enactments, in many countries, the liberty of the press, of religion, and of speech; for they are in many sections successfully using their liberties to upset law, order, morality, government, and religion. France, the hotbed of this pseudophilanthropy, has found it necessary to impose rigid restraints on its licentious excesses, or to give the country up to anarchy and agrarianism. The other infected localities may have very soon to follow her example. In the South a healthy public opinion sufficiently restrains all kinds of licentiousness. In place of that false philanthropy, which was unloosing all the bonds of society, a spirit of rigid rule is arising in the bosom of free society. Stern conservative men begin to assume their natural position, and to take the lead in human affairs. Especially in our large cities do we see such men, surrounded by an increased police force, placed in office; because, in those cities, the evils of excess of liberty have been most destructive of social order and most fruitful of crime.

The phase of this world-wide reaction, which is most distinct and prominent, is the change of conduct of the civilized nations and races toward savage and semi-civilized peoples. These latter have been practically excluded from the protec tion and thrown out the pale of the law of nations. Experience proved that the interests of mankind, of civilization, and of Christianity, required that such people should be subjected, enslaved, or in some way compelled, to adopt and follow civilized ways. Hence, England, is yearly extending her empire in Asia, France annexing Algeria, Russia pressing down

upon Circassia and Turkey, and America is feeling her way to the equator. Hence, too, China and Japan are forced to give up their systems of seclusion and non-intercourse, and reluctantly to open their ports to Christian commerce; and, far most important of all, hence Coolies and Africans, who cannot be civilized at home, are transported to new fields of industry. When closely examined these movements have but one object, which is to supply the growing deficiency of tropical and southern products, which deficiency abolition has brought about.

But abolition, hemmed in on all sides, seeins to gather courage from despair, and to become more violent and daring as it becomes more hopeless. Yet the resistless tide of conservatism, which is rushing in from every side, will soon submerge and drown it. The aggressions of Southern Slavery are a small, a very small, part of the "irrepressible conflict" which is waging between conservatism and radicalism, between property and agrarianism, between Christianity and Infidelity, between marriage and free love, between the civilized and the uncivilized. The little narrow intellectual visions of such men as Seward, Greeley, Garrison, Giddings, and Phillips, can neither comprehend the whole field of action, nor see the countless hosts who are steadily marching on to conquer and exterminate them. The cause of the South is the cause of the civilized and Christian world. The aggressions of the South are but the onward march of a healthy, conservative, world-wide reaction. The change of opinion and of sentiment on the slavery question is very great at the North. The most influential and intelligent men in that section no longer think negro-slavery evil or immoral. Slavery is aggressive even at the North. In the South the aggressions of slavery have been continuous for half a century, and now all are united in its defence and advocacy. Soon after the Revolution the South gave the Northwest to the Union, and permitted slavery to be excluded from it. Negro-slavery and the products of slave labor were then in excess. The African slave-trade was abolished, and never would have been revived but for the Abolitionists, who brought about West Indian, Mexican, and South American emancipation, and thereby occasioned a deficiency of slave products and a necessity for fresh importations of involuntary tropical laborers. At the time of the Revolution, and even up to the Virginia slave insurrection, in 1833, abolition sentiment was common at the South. As slaves became more scarce and their price advanced, the cause of slavery became more popular, until now we have a South united at home and determined to assert its equal rights in the territories. The