an church, three Protestant Episcopal churches, one Baptist church for whites (and three for colored people), one church for Mariners, two Methodist churches for whites (and one for colored people), and one Hebrew synagogue, all with able and pious ministers.

In 1796, the house of worship of the Independent Presbyterians was destroyed by fire.

On one of the Protestant Episcopal churches we notice the following inscription:

+

I. H. S.

CHRIST CHURCH.

Founded, A. D. 1743. Erected, 1789.

Destroyed by fire, 1796. Rebuilt and enlarged, 1803. Injured by a hurricane, 1804. Constructed anew, 1810. Taken down, and this edifice erected,

1838.

With regard to the Hebrew congregation we may say: A number of the ancient people of God came over from England to Savannah; among them were the Sheftalls, Mims, Nunes, Cordovas, and D'Lyons, a short period after the settlement of Georgia. They established a temporary place of worship, to which they gave the name of Mickoa Israel. The heckel, safer, tora, cloaks, and circumcision-box, brought with them, were placed therein, and are used to this day. In 1790 they were incorporated as a body politic, by the name of "The Parnass and Adjuntas of Mickoa Israel," at Savannah. In July, 1820, the synagogue was erected.

Among the banks we should notice, the Bank of the State of Georgia, the Bank of Commerce, the Planters' Bank, the Marine Bank, the Merchants and Planters Bank, the Central Railroad and Banking Company, the Bank of Savannah, the Mechanics' Savings Bank, and the Timber-Cutters' Bank.

The Savannah Water-works were commenced in the winter of 1852-'53. The supply is obtained from the Savannah river, and received into a reservoir, located on the low lands, west of the Ogeechee canal. In order to free the water from the earthy matter it holds in suspension, this reservoir is divided into four compartments, rendered distinct from each other, by partitions. faced with masonry. Into any or all of these compartments or basins, the water is admitted by means of

iron gateways; the contents of one basin can be used, while the process of sedimentation is going on, undisturbed, in the others. Each one of these basins is made to communicate, by means of culverts of masonry and iron gateways, with a chamber or pump-well of masonry, situated underneath a building which contains the boilers and engines of the pumping apparatus, by means of which the water is forced into the city. The plateau on which the city of Savannah is built, has an altitude of about forty feet above the river. Upon this elevation is built the distributing reservoir, having a height of about eighty feet above the general grade of the streets. This structure consists of a circular tower of substantial masonry, upon which is placed the reservoir of iron. From this reservoir, having an elevation sufficient for all purposes, the water is distributed throughout the city in the usual manner, by means of cast-iron pipes, furnished with all necessary fire hydrants, stop-gates, &c. The whole height to which the water is raised by the pumping engines, is 120 feet, and the distance from the receiving to the distributing reservoir, is somewhat more than half a mile.

The country has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah river, the bodies of tide swamp lands are extensive, and are cultivated upward of twenty miles from the blackish marsh up the river, and are considered the most valuable lands in the State. Many of the rice plantations have a picturesque appearance.

The statement of exports from the port of Savannah, from the 1st of September, 1858, to the 1st September, 1859, is:

Strangers have heretofore found some difficulty in procuring accommodations in the city of Savannah, but it is confidently expected that the early completion of a splendid hotel (the Screven House, now in progress) will remedy any inconvenience in this respect, and we most heartily recommend it to a liberal patronage.

At present, the Screven House is well conducted, and the officers are gentlemen in every respect, faithful in discharging the duties incumbent upon them. The rooms are airy, com

modious, well furnished, and clean. The table is always spread with everything the market affords, and the servants are polite, prompt, and obedient.

The Pulaski House, long known to the public, speaks for itself.

The first printing-press was established in 1763, and the Georgia Gazette, printed on the 7th of April of that year. The press is now ably represented by the Morning News, independent; the Republican, opposition; the Evening Express, democratic.

Late improvements in railroads, and other channels of communication, have added largely to the growth and prosperity of this progressive city.

The Central railroad extends one hundred and ninety-one miles to Macon, whence the Macon and Western railroad proceeds one hundred and one miles in a northwesterly direction to Atlanta, and the southwestern railroad to Albany and Columbus.

With regard to the wholesale dry-goods business, it affords us great pleasure in particular, to mention the widely-known establishment of our esteemed friends, Messrs. Foot & Jaudon, opposite St. Andrew's Hall, an old-established house.

The grocery trade will compare favorably with that of any other city of equal size. It is here a very important one, and is well represented.

The hardware business is a large one, and fully adequate to the demand.

The boot and shoe trade is in a flourishing condition.

The crockery, furniture, and drug business afford ample facilities to buyers. It is a fact, that the whole city during the past summer enjoyed good health, and this has imparted energy and activity to every department of business. Among the most prominent places in the neighborhood of the city of Savannah, we mention:

Thunderbolt (Warsaw), five miles southeast of the city. Beaulieu, about twelve miles from Savannah, was formerly the residence of Colonel William Stephens, celebrated in the early history of Georgia.

Bonaventure, is four miles from the city, known as the seat of Governor Tattnall, one among the most lovely spots in the world.

Brewton's Hill, the property of Hon. Dr. I. P. Screven, deceased, was the place where a portion of the British landed preparatory to their attack upon Savannah in 1778.

Cherokee Hill, eight miles from town.

Hutcheson's Island, opposite the city.

Fort Pulaski, is situated upon Cockspur Island, fourteen miles from the city. The entire cost of the work was almost a million of dollars, and it was nearly sixteen years in construction. It is one of the strongest and most perfect of the kind on the continent.

Fort Jackson, named after Governor James Jackson, is situated on the south side of the Savannah river, about three miles from town.

Jasper Spring, named after Sergeant William Jasper, above mentioned, is about two miles from Savannah, within the edge of a forest of oaks and gums.

ART. V.-STATE, TERRITORIAL, AND FEDERAL AUTHORITY.

[The following paper was prepared as an answer to the article in Harpers' Magazine, by Senator Douglas, which attracted so much attention in the country. It is from the pen of an able gentleman in Virginia, and skilfully examines the whole subject. We regret that its publication was prevented in our last number by the pressure of other matter, and that many addenda to it, which were subsequently received, must now be omitted for the same reason. The argument, however, is complete as it is, and the subject has been so thoroughly discussed that little more remains to be said upon it. The public are very nearly satisfied.-ED.]

"THE dividing line between State and federal authority," as it existed under "the old Articles of Confederation," was broken down by the Constitution of the "more perfect Union." The author of the essay on "Popular Sovereignty in the Territories," as published in Harpers' Magazine for September, 1859, admits that the territorial people must be "loyal" to that Union, and "subject" to the Constitution by which that Union was established. He makes a still more important admission. "The confederation," he (( says, was soon shown to be utterly insufficient to accomplish the objects for which it was devised. It had no power to enforce its decrees on the federal questions which were clearly within the scope of its expressly delegated powers." Wherefore," it was substituted by the federal government, with its appropriate departments, acting directly upon the individual citizens, with authority to enforce its decrees, to the extent of its delegated powers, and not dependent upon the voluntary action of the several States

in their corporate capacities.". It is this government "acting on the individual citizens," to which the territorial people, being in truth" a political community," though not altogether "distinct," is "subject," and must be "loyal."

Of his long account of the successful revolt of the colonies against the mother-country, as helping his view of popular sovereignty in the territorial possessions of the United States, á few words only need be said. The difference is deep and broad, irrepressible and sempiternal.. The colonies sought to be absolved from all allegiance to the British crown. Each territorial people asks to be admitted into co-equal subjection to the government of their Union, with the States already united in that subjection. The one sought to throw off, the other seeks to take on, the government. The body of the one refused to send back the blood to the heart. The vitality of union was extinguished. The other desires to send back the blood to the heart, through all the arteries of the body politic, in order that the subjection may exist and the union be healthful. Why the patients should be put on the same treatment, would puzzle all the doctors (as it has the author of the essay, the most eminent of them) to tell. The one would not be subject to the treatment; the other must be. The one by being subject to the British crown, would have had its vital powers crippled. The other by being subject to the government of the Union, will have its general health and all its members invigorated. To have submitted to the treatment, would have been death to the affectionate connection of the colonies with the mother-country. To submit to the treatment is, for the territorial people, alone capable of securing a constitutional union, as "they must be loyal." The connection of the one was capable of being dissolved; the other is not. If the one succeeded (as it did) in the revolt, it could (as it did) set up for itself. Were the other to have success in refusing to be subject, the proprietary rights of the government of the Union, or, at least, its trusteeship for the States, would still remain. Had Old England subdued the patriot rebels, her ownership of the soil would have been exclusive. Should New-England succeed in letting the rebels, against the authority of the government of the Union, have "their own way," her ownership of the soil would not be exclusive; for, the South claims, and is not denied, her share of the public lands in the territories. In a word, our fathers struggled "for the inestimable right of local self-government under the British constitution." The author of the essay contends for local