SECT.

CHAPTER III.

MODERN SOCIALISM, FROM ST. SIMON TO KARL MARX.

:

I. St. Simon his originality: successive phases of

his ideas. His Positivist stage. His State Social-

ism, with the right to labour and the right to

knowledge guaranteed to the labourer. Further

advance: a new morality necessary, to be supplied

by positive philosophers; and a new religion, to be

preached by philanthropists. The "New Chris-

tianity." Its principal aim the amelioration of the

lot of the poor

II. The St. Simonian school. Advance on the views of

the Master. The three stages in the exploitation of

man by his fellows. A radical reform declared to be

necessary in the laws of Property and Inheritance.

Their principle of distribution:-to each according

to his works. Views on Rent: on Capital. Antici-

pation of special positions of the present Collec-

tivists. Insight of the St. Simonians: merits and

defects of their ideal: specific objections

66

III. Carlyle's Socialism. Resemblance between his social

and political doctrine and the St. Simonian Social-

ism. Ideas in common with the St. Simonians

in "Sartor Resartus" and Past and Present."

The doctrine of the Latter Day Pamphlets."

Way to the desired end according to Carlyle :-The

Great Man" seconded by an aristocracy of ability.

Similar doctrine in Lord Beaconsfield's political

novels of "" Sybil; or the Two Nations," and

"Coningsby

66

IV. New Socialistic scheme of Fourier: Not State-

Socialism. The phalange and the phalanstère.

Fourier's principle of distribution.
Mill's eulogy

Possible

of Fourier's scheme: his criticism of it.

case for an experiment on Fourier's lines

V. Louis Blanc's objection to St. Simonism.

PAGE

72-78

78-87

87-98

.98-106

His own

scheme of co-operative production to be launched

by the aid of the State, but afterwards to be free from

State control. Competition to be employed to get

rid of the present system, afterwards to be done away

with. Tendency of the scheme to Communism.

Its failure so far as partially tried

106-115

-

SECT.

VI. J. S. Mill and his attitude to Socialism, as gathered

from his "Principles of Political Economy," his

Chapters on Socialism" (Fortnightly Review) and

his "Autobiography." His general ideal of the

future society. Ideal in the sphere of industry; Co-

operative production, realized without State aid. His

prophecy in 1848. Why co-operative production has

not succeeded. Great extension and development

of the opposite system of capitalism since that time.

Cairnes' error as to the difficulties in the way of co-

operative production. Supplementary note

Robert Owen's relation to Socialism and co-opera-

tive production

on

PAGE

115-124

CHAPTER IV.

THE NEW SOCIALISM AND ITS ARGUMENT.

I. The third Socialist crusade preached by Lassalle :

the inspiration derived from Karl Marx. Improved

method of attack on the existing system. Marx's

economical and historical arguments. Their

guns turned on the orthodox economists. Commun-

istic point of departure of Marx: the subsequent

changes in his ideas and methods

125-131

II. The new Socialism (Collectivism) and its aims: why

it deserves special attention. Marx's three stages

in the history of industry. The appearance of the

capitalist and origin of capital. Stages before the

Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution :

its causes and results. Completion of the revolu-

tion.

131-138

III. Marx's theory of value derived from Ricardo. His

own theory of "surplus value." Fallacy of the

arguments in support of the theory. The appeal to

morals. Element of truth in the charges of Marx

against the capitalist employers in the past

138-151

CHAPTER V.

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE.

I. General outline of the Collectivist scheme from the

SECT.

economic point of view. Production, distribution,

and value.

PAGE

152-161

II. Statement and examination of the chief objections

urged against the scheme: (1) that production

would be controlled by authority instead of by the

desires and demands of the community; (2) that

production would be diminished from the with-

drawal of the present stimulus to the director of in-

dustry (entrepeneur); (3) that capital, especially fixed

capital, would not be furnished in sufficient amount;

(4) that liberty would be in danger; (5) that indi-

viduality of character would be repressed; (6) that

culture would be endangered

162-182

CHAPTER VI.

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE (continued).

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH.

I. Importance of the question of distribution in its rela-

tion to Socialism. The existing system. On what the

future of collectivism depends. Collectivist objection

to the present system. The proposed principle of

distribution: -"To each in proportion to his hours of

average labour." General difficulty of applying the

principle. Difficulty illustrated concretely in the case

of the cotton industry. Marx's standard of average

or common labour uncertain and indefinite. Diffi-

culty of reducing different kinds of skilled labour to

the standard.
184-196

II. Examination and refutation of Marx's theory that

skilled labour is common labour intensified or multi-

plied. Importance of the theory in connection with

the collectivist principle of distribution. True reason

why the skilled should receive a larger remuneration

tnan the unskilled labourer. Why, in particular, the

industrial chief, the inventor, &c., should be liberally

remunerated

196-204

III. Further examination of the Socialist theory of value
and principle of distribution. Objections: diminished
stimulus to labour on the part of the generality.
Impossibility of keeping values fixed as required by

SECT.

the scheme. Foreign trade under Collectivism.
Difficulties of carrying it on in the absence of the
money measure of values. Difficulty of keeping
values of foreign commodities fixed

PAGE

204-212

IV. Final conclusion as to the Socialist principle of

distribution .

212-215

CHAPTER VII.

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE (continued).

THE SUPPRESSION OF MONEY AND MARKETS.

I. How far the abolition of money proposed by the col-

lectivists is possible. The labour cheques would

take the place of money: Would be subject to

all the evils of inconvertible paper-money, with other

unknown evils. Impossibility of suppressing market

values and speculation under Socialism. Probable

increase of speculation in worse forms than at

present. Cures for the present evils connected with

the fluctuations of values. Difficulties of applying

remedies, especially in the case of fraudulent finan-

cing and "company floating

216-228

II. The recent increase in the formation of companies

and syndicates. Significance of the syndicates as

a possible stage in the direction of Socialism. Why

a general syndicate occupation of the field of business

and industry is unlikely for a long time yet

228-234

CHAPTER VIII.

IN THE SOCIALIST STATE (concluded).

UNPRODUCTIVE LABOURERS. THE CHURCH AND THE

GOVERNMENT.

I. How far certain kinds of unproductive labourers of the
less skilled sort might be enrolled under service of
the State. Inconvenience of suppressing domestic
servants and substituting for them public function-
aries as proposed by the Socialists. The Professions

SECT.

under Socialism. Individuals with special skill in

much request must be permitted to reap the natural

rewards of it. Examples: the physician, the advocate,

the artist, &c. The teaching service, like the civil

and the military service, might fit into Socialism

without great change

PAGE

235-241

II. Possible position of Men of Letters and of

Philosophers under Socialism. Importance of the

functions of the latter in modern society. The

Philosophers and Socialism. The Church and

Socialism

242-249

III. The Government under Socialism. Reticence of

Socialist authorities on this topic. Mode in which

superiors are to be selected. A complete political

revolution implied, as well as a social and economi-

cal one.
How far a violent revolution would be likely

to further the Socialist programme

250-257

IV. Final pronouncement on Collectivism. True course

for the working class, their friends, and all the dis-

contented under the present order

257-265

CHAPTER IX.

PRACTICABLE STATE SOCIALISM:-(A) LEGISLATIVE,

I. The case of the Socialists, so far as real, and what

makes its strength. The supporters of Socialism 267-272

II. Co-operative production. Where it might succeed.

How far likely to be a solution of the Capital and

Labour question. Difficulties in the way of success.

State assistance under certain conditions to associa-

tions of labourers might be tried as an experiment.

Best modes of composing the difference between

Capital and Labour at the present time

272-282

III. The Land Question. In England the creation of
small holdings should be aimed at, also allotments
to agricultural and other labourers; also the buying
out by the municipalities of the speculative holders
of land in or near the large towns. How far
a certain kind of limited but healthy Socialism