prevent such jobbery and scandals as have affected their adminis tration in the past.

12. We have authorized the Legislature to provide for the improvement of the canals, without, however, borrowing money for that purpose unless the people expressly authorize it pursuant to the provisions of article 7, section 12 of the present Constitution. Unless such authority for borrowing money is given, any improvement made must be paid for as it progresses in the same manner as the present expense of maintenance and repair, and the expenditure will thus remain always under the control of the people.

13. We have required the Legislature to provide for free public schools, in which all the children of the State may be educated; and we have prohibited absolutely the use of public money in aid of sectarian schools.

We have provided also for regulating and limiting the payment of public money to private institutions for the support of the poor by depriving the Legislature of the power to pass mandatory laws requiring such payments from counties, cities, towns and villages, and by subjecting such expenditures to the control of the State Board of Charities.

14. The revision of the judiciary article is designed to remedy the existing evils arising from the overcrowding of the trial calendars, especially in the large cities, and of the calendar of the Court of Appeals. It seeks to accomplish the former by consolidating the superior city courts with the Supreme Court, thus securing greater economy of judicial force, and by a moderate increase in the number of justices, not, however, making the number as great in proportion to the population of the State as it was at the time of the last increase which the people approved in 1882.

We expect to obviate the overcrowding of the Court of Appeals calendar by establishing more effective and satisfactory courts of intermediate appeal and enlarging their power and jurisdiction. In place of the nine general terms now existing-five in the Supreme Court and four in the superior city courts - we provide that the State shall be divided into four departments and that in each there shall be a tribunal composed of five justices of the

Supreme Court who shall perform substantially no other duties and shall be the court of last resort for that department upon all questions of fact and upon all interlocutory proceedings.

The Court of Appeals is limited to its proper function of declaring and settling the law. Believing that under the operation of the proposed appellate division of the Supreme Court and with the distribution of duties and jurisdiction above indicated, strictly observed, the Court of Appeals will have no difficulty in meeting all demands upon it, we have done away with the makeshift of a second division and have prohibited the imposition of a money limit upon the right of appeal to the Court of Appeals.

We have also abrogated the provision for judical tensions, done away with the justices of Sessions, abolished the Court of Sessions and conferred their jurisdiction upon the County Courts, abolished Courts of Oyer and Terminer and Circuit Courts and conferred their jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court, enlarged and defined the jurisdiction of County Courts, prohibited county judges and surrogates in counties of over 120,000 inhabitants from practicing law, forbidden the Legislature to further enlarge the jurisdiction of local and inferior courts of its own creation, and in various other ways simplified and strengthened the judiciary system.

The general object of the judiciary article, as proposed, is to secure the more speedy, uniform and effective administration of justice throughout the State.

15. We have so amended the present Constitution as to provide for a naval as well as a land force of militia; that the militia shall not be reduced below 10,000 men and that the Legislature shall provide for their support.

16. In order to allow every voter to exercise a choice in voting on some of the important proposed amendments we have provided that the revised Constitution should be submitted to the people in three parts, viz. :

1. That making an apportionment of Senators and members of the Assembly.

2. That pertaining to the improvement of the canals.

3. All the remainder of the proposed amendments as a whole. We submit our work to the people, confident that if ratified by them, experience of its operation will show that it will be a safe and efficient organic law, competent for the present needs of this

great commonwealth, and sufficient for the demands of that expanding civilization which the ensuing twenty years will

witness.

They continued to be three

Every part of the proposed new Constitution was ratified at the polls upon November 6, 1894. One of its effects was to shorten the term of the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor from three years to two years. This was a reversion to the practice of earlier years in the history of the State the terms of these officers up to 1877 were two years. years until they were changed by the new Constitution of 1894 to two years. The new Constitution of 1891 also provided that the State Senators elected in the fall of 1895 and also the State officers then elected should serve for three years; thus prolonging each of their terms one year for this occasion only. The object of this provision was to bring about the election of all the State officers and State Senators in the even-numbered years; and thus give a chance for the holding of municipal elections in the uneven-numbered years.

Under the new Constitution no change in the Senate districts or apportionment of the Assembly districts is to be again made before 1905. In that year an enumeration of the inhabitants of the State is to be made, and the Senate and Assembly Districts are to be apportioned.

According to the State census of 1892 the new Senate districts have the following population: