which is one-half that of the blue field. On the ribs of the buffalo appears the great shield of the State of Wyoming in blue. The diameter of the shield is one-fifth the length of the flag. Attached to the flag is a cord of gold with gold tassels. All penalties provided by the laws of the State for the misuse of a national flag are applicable to the State flag.

345. UTAH'S flag, consisting of a blue field with a border of gold and a design in the center, was adopted in 1911. The design was revised in 1913. It consists now of a device in natural colors, the fundamental portion of which is a shield surmounted by an eagle with outstretched wings. The shield bears a beehive, on each side of which grow sego lilies and above which is the word "Industry." At the bottom of the shield is a green field bearing the date 1847, with the word "Utah" above it. Two American flags on flagstaffs, placed crosswise, are so draped that they project beyond each side of the shield, the head of the flagstaffs in front of the eagle's wings, and the bottom of each staff appearing over the face of the draped flag below the shield. Below the shield and flags and upon the blue field is the date "1896," the year in which the State was admitted to the Union. Around the entire design is a narrow circle of gold.

346. OKLAHOMA. The law under which Oklahoma adopted an official State flag was enacted in 1911. The flag authorized under it consists of a red field, in the center of which is a five-pointed star of white edged with blue, with the figures "46" in blue in the middle of the star. This number proclaims the fact that Oklahoma was the forty-sixth State to become a part of the Union. The Oklahoma flag departs from the usual in its pike head. Instead of the regulation spearhead, an eagle at rest, facing the direction of the fly, stands guard over the colors.

347. NEW MEXICO. Embodying elements unique in flag design, the official flag of the State of New Mexico was adopted shortly after the Commonwealth became a member of the Union. The banner has a turquoise blue field, emblematic of the blue skies of New Mexico; it has a canton consisting of the flag of the United States in miniature in the upper left-hand corner, designating the loyalty of the people of the State to the Union; in the upper right-hand corner of the field a figure 47, the forty-seventh star and State in the American Union; in the lower right-hand corner is the great seal of the State, and upon the field running from the lower left to the upper righthand corner are the words "New Mexico" in white. When the flag law was passed it was ordered that the embroidered banner attached to the bill should be deposited with the Secretary of State to be faithfully kept by him in the archives of the Commonwealth.

348. ARIZONA.-A bill making the flag of the battleship Arizona the banner of the Commonwealth for which it is named failed to pass the State Senate in 1915, but a similar bill was adopted early in 1917. As finally described, the upper part of the flag consists of thirteen segments or rays, alternate red and yellow; the lower part is a solid field of blue, while upon the center is imposed a copper star.

It was objected at the time of the adoption of this design that it contained nothing characteristic of Arizona; that it infringed upon the ensign of Japan, and that the effect of a star against a rising sun was a severe straining of astronomy. A substitute bill was prepared and offered to the upper house of the legislature, but the original form became a law, thus establishing one of the most striking of the State banners.

349. The flag of Hawaii preserves the crosses of St. Andrew, St. George, and St. Patrick, and carries eight stripes. Some of the Southern States retain the cross of St. Andrew, but Hawaii is the only American soil over which float the three crosses which were the cantonal feature of the first flag of the United Colonies of America (364).

Cen

350. The flag of the National Guard of the District of Columbia has a rectangular field, the fly end of which is swallow-tailed. tered thereon is a small hatchet, whose alleged manipulation in connection with an apocryphal cherry tree is reputed to have put the Father of His Country to a very trying test in the matter of veracity. The designations of the forces appear on scrolls above and below the hatchet.

351. The banner of the National Geographic Society is a flag of adventure and conquest; a flag of adventure because it is ever carried beyond the horizon of known scientific fact, in the hope that there may be found some new truth that will make mankind freer in the solution of the problems that ever confront the race; it is the flag of conquest because it has gone to the tops of high mountains, to the inmost recesses of regions unexplored by civilized man, to the craters of volcanoes whose fiery depths have never been surveyed by the human eye. Those who have had its support have conquered polar ice and polar seas, have mastered many of the secrets of glacial action, have lent a hand to the solution of the great problem of vulcanism, have unearthed the holy city of the Incas, have rescued venerable trees of California from the only enemy they ever feared—the man with the ax and the saw. Its colors, typifying earth, sea, and sky, proclaim the illimitable reaches of the fields of interest over which it flies, and the vastness of the work of exploration and diffusion of knowledge, in which it has played no small part, and to which its future efforts shall ever be dedicated.

352. The Governor of the Panama Canal Zone flies a rectangular flag upon which is centered the seal of the Canal Zone. This consists of an escutcheon which shows a ship under full sail passing through Gaillard Cut, at the point where it divides Gold Hill and Contractor's Hill. Below the escutcheon is a streamer bearing the now familiar words, "The land divided, the world united." escutcheon and streamer are grounded upon a circle of white.

The

353. The seal of the Territory of Alaska is a circular field bearing in the background a sun rising over snow-capped, embattled mountains. In the right foreground are the waters that wash the shore of the territory, bearing two sailing vessels. To the left is a pier,

rudely constructed, and an outpost of civilization. In the foreground is a team of horses Around the whole is inscribed, "The Seal of the Territory of Alaska."

354. The coat-of-arms of the Philippine Islands was adopted in 1905. Its principal feature is an escutcheon showing the national colors of the United States. Imposed upon this escutcheon are the arms of Manila on a shield, the upper half red and the lower blue. Upon the upper half of this shield, in gold, is the castle of Spain, with blue windows, and on the lower half a sea-lion bearing in its right paw a hilted sword. The crest is the American spread eagle, and beneath is a scroll with the words “Philippine Islands."

355. The coat-of-arms of Mindanao and Sulu was adopted in 1905, along with those of the Philippine Islands and Porto Rico. It consists of the escutcheon of the United States, upon which is imposed a Moro war vinta sailing an Indian sea. Above the escutcheon is the American spread eagle mounted on a wreath, supported by the crossed weapons of war of the Indian seas, and below the device is a scroll bearing the words "Mindanao and Sulu."

356. The present coat-of-arms of the Island of Porto Rico, adopted in 1905, is a restoration of the original arms of the Spanish colony of "the rich port." Therefore it is in all its parts reminiscent of Spanish times. On a green circular field is a lamb of silver on the red-bound book and bearing the cross-crowned banner of Christ. This is the device ascribed to St. John.

Above the lamb are the gold-crowned letters F and I-Ferdinand and Isabella. Surrounding the green field is a white border edged with gold. Upon this border are the castles of Castile, the crowned red lions that proclaim Leon, the crosses of Jerusalem, and the standards of Spain in the days when the star of her fame was at its zenith.

357. The flag of the Secretary of the Interior, with its light green field bearing in the center a golden buffalo and a five-pointed star in each quarter, stands for many of the nation's activities and much of the world's progress. The Department whose chief it proclaims fosters the priceless fruits of American inventive genius, aids and safeguards those who have made America the foremost mineral-producing country of the earth, supervises the pension system through which is discharged the national duty toward those who have fought the battles of the Republic, sponsors the cause of justice to the Red Man, who has given a continent to civilization. This Department directs the national aspects of American education, and thus leads Western civilization to a new era; it is saving to posterity the inestimable boon of majestic forests and untouched stretches of primeval nature; it is reclaiming millions of acres of unproductive land and tapping the bare rocks of waste places with the wand of irrigation. Also it has distributed an empire to the pioneers of the West and transformed a million square miles of idle territory into a wealth- and strength-producing region of infinite national value.

358. THE RAVEN OF THE VIKINGS. Five hundred years before the arrival of Columbus in the New World, Eric the Red is supposed to have guided his ships, square-sailed, decorated with curiously carved figureheads, and manned by hardy Norsemen, to the shores of Vinland (Labrador, or Nova Scotia, or the New England coast), and there planted for a brief period this banner with the strange device of "a raven, with wings extended and open bill, upon a white ground."

OF

359. FLAG OF COLUMBUS, STANDARD SPAIN. A quartered flag of red, gold and silver-the standard of Castile and Leon-is generally accepted as having been the first European banner flown on American soil. This truly regal standard was planted on the beach before the startled gaze of the awe-struck aborigines when Christopher Columbus, richly clad, set foot on shore on October 12, 1492, and, in the name of their Catholic majesties, Isabella and Ferdinand, formally took possession of the island which he called San Salvador, but which is believed to have been what is now known as Watling Island in the Bahamas.

360. FLAG OF CABOT, ENGLAND. - Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot), the discoverer of North America, had many points in common with his contemporary, Columbus. They were both Genoese, both believed the earth to be round,

and that the east could be reached by sailing west, and both finally set out on their voyages of discovery under the flag of a foreign monarch. Cabot's flag was the royal standard of England, the red cross of St. George on a white ground, and his patron was King Henry VII, whose enthusiasm for the enterprise was quickened by the news that Columbus had found the East in the West. It was on June 24, 1497, that this flag of England was planted in the New World (probably on the northern extremity of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia), and the explorer took possession of the country in the name of England's king.

361. This was the union flag which probably was displayed from the main mast of the Mayflower that bore the Pilgrim Fathers to Plymouth in 1620, and on the ships which brought the English settlers to Jamestown in 1607. These vessels also displayed St. George's cross (360) at the fore mast and the red ensign (382). The union flag had come into existence in 1603, when James VI of Scotland ascended the throne of England as James I, thus uniting the two countries under one sovereign after centuries of warfare. He ordered all ships to display this flag at the main mast. They continued to use their own ensigns and jacks, however-English ships 1123 and 1127, Scottish ships 1131 and 831 (note 1132 for Scotch de