defense, as compared to the expenditures which we are making at home and abroad in this European program. Now, those who are completely sold on the European program will say, "Well, it is unthinkable that we retire to our own shores and defend our shores," and they brush off this other. But there are a great many people who would seriously think twice about the situation if we could get a figure, let's say, that it would cost twice as much in military expenditures on our part if we just retired here to our own borders and forget about the stimulation of European defense. I am not talking about the desirability of fighting a war far away from our shores. That is another element. General Collins said he didn't have any figures, or even a reasonable estimate, on that, because they hadn't devoted their time to that. But it is a question that is asked, and if there is an answer to it, it would be very helpful to give to these people who raise this question. Many of them raise it very sincerely. They are not insincere about it at all. (Deleted.) Senator SALTONSTALL. I say to my friend from Iowa, I don't see how you can raise that question without raising the question of manpower also. It isn't a question of buying equipment alone; it is a question of how many lives of our boys we are going to save by doing it this way. Senator MCMAHON. General, I wish you would give some more thought to what you can add, and maybe talk to Collins about it, in addition to that chart; what can safely be given. You understand I am in favor of not giving anything away, but I am talking about handling it upon the floor. The CHAIRMAN. All right; is that all? Thank you, General. It has been very constructive, very helpful. (Exhibits A through F, and exhibit H, referred to by General Gruenther, were classified; exhibits G and I follow.) ACTUAL AND AUTHORIZED LENGTH OF ARMY CONSCRIPT PERIOD This chart shows the length of conscript period for NATO nations as of June 1950 and June 1951. It also shows the current period authorized by law in those cases where it exceeds the concurrent conscript period. The chart brings out the following points: (a) There has been an increase in the length of conscript service in every country shown with the exception of Portugal. (b) Holland and Portugal are not keeping conscripts in training as long as authorized by law. (c) Two countries, Belgium and United Kingdom, have reached the 24-month goal which SHAPE would like to see in effect. (d) There are planned or prospective changes in certain countries which do not show on the chart. Denmark, France, and Holland are planning to lengthen period of service. (e) In France, Italy, and Portugal the term of service in the Navy is longer than in the Army. COMPARISON OF EARNING POWER IN TERMS OF HOURS OF LABOR This is a cost-of-living chart designed to show the superior position of the United States as compared to other NATO nations, in terms of costs of two typical, basic commodities. Note how far off the Italian standard is as compared to the other countries. (Whereupon, at 12:40 p. m., the hearing was recessed, to reconvene on Thursday, August 2, 1951, at 10:30 a. m.) MUTUAL SECURITY ACT OF 1951 THURSDAY, AUGUST 2, 1951 UNITED STATES SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, The committees met, pursuant to adjournment on Wednesday, August 1, in the Foreign Relations Committee room, United States Capitol, Senator Tom Connally (chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee) presiding. Present of the Committee on Foreign Relations: Senators Connally, Green, McMahon, Sparkman, Gillette, Wiley, Smith of New Jersey, Hickenlooper, Lodge, and Brewster. Present of the Armed Services Committee: Senators Hunt, Stennis, Saltonstall, Morse, Knowland, and Cain. (Senator Byrd, acting chairman of the Committee on Armed Services during the absence from Washington of Senator Russell, was absent, presiding as acting chairman at a previously scheduled meeting of the Senate Committee on Finance.) The CHAIRMAN. Come to order. The transcript of the meeting of Wednesday, August 1, fails to show the following Senators as being present: Senators Stennis and Bridges. They want the transcript to show that they were present. Without objection, the transcript will contain that information. We have this morning Ambassador Spofford and Ambassador Miltion Katz, Mr. William S. Batt, and General Kibler. Mr. Spofford suggests that he will go ahead and make a statement, and then if any of the members care to ask questions of any one of this group they may do so. He does that on the theory that it will shorten the hearing. Is there any objection to that plan? Mr. Spofford, will you identify yourself for the record, give us your duties and background? STATEMENTS OF AMBASSADOR CHARLES M. SPOFFORD, SENIOR UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE FOR MUTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE AND CHAIRMAN OF THE EUROPEAN COORDINATING COMMITTEE; MAJ. GEN. A. FRANKLIN KIBLER, REPRESENTATIVE OF GENERAL HANDY (MILITARY REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE MUTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM) ON MUTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE MATTERS; AMBASSADOR MILTON KATZ, UNITED STATES SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE IN EUROPE; AND WILLIAM S. BATT, UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE ON DEFENSE PRODUCTION BOARD Ambassador SPOFFORD. We appear before your committee this morning as members of the European Coordinating Committee. I should, for the record, like to identify us as your witnesses and state briefly our connection with the organization overseas. 87360-51-16 235 Ambassador Katz is, as you know, the special representative for ECA in Europe who is the senior European representative for United States economic aid. General Handy is the senior United States representative for military aid. General Handy, because of his other duties as commander of our forces in Germany is not in Washington, but is represented by Major General Kibler, who is Director of the Joint American Military Advisory Group. Mr. Batt is the senior American man on European production and as such represents the United States on the Defense Production Board of the North Atlantic Treaty. The CHAIRMAN. How long have you been in this work, Mr. Spofford? Ambassador SPOFFORD. Just over 1 year, Mr. Chairman. The CHAIRMAN. Did you succeed somebody else? Ambassador SPOFFORD. No, sir. I am the United States representative on the North Atlantic Council of Deputies and that post was created just a year ago, newly organized. The CHAIRMAN. Very well, sir. We will be pleased to hear you. You may proceed. Ambassador SPOFFORD. I might say one other word with regard to the four of us. In my duties, I am Chairman of the European Coordinating Committee, which is this group sitting with you this morning. Our job is to coordinate and unify the effort in Europe. The carrying forward of the United States policies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is at best a complicated and difficult job. We, through regular meetings of a combined staff which we have established, have considered it our function to attempt to unify, coordinate, and give effect to American policy in Europe. Mr. Chairman, a majority of the Foreign Relations Committee was met with in Paris. We each made statements which are a part of your record and we were examined by your committee. We are prepared to elaborate on those statements if you wish us to do so. It seems to me that I might very briefly summarize the position as we see it in Europe in extremely broad terms, as a basis for the questioning of our committee by you, sir. IMPROVEMENTS IN EUROPE DURING PAST YEAR I think the most useful thing we can do is to have a look at the developments over the last year. In very general terms let me summarize them in this way: In terms of the increased physical strength of Europe, its increasing ability to defend itself, we believe the record shows there has been a definite increase and a move in the right direction. In terms of men in uniform, training, and organization, we believe the military position has improved. You went into that yesterday with General Gruenther. General Kibler is prepared to discuss the military aid program as a part of that development. We believe there has been a definite and substantial increase in the general back-up of the military strength in Europe. By that I mean the resources which the European countries are devoting to their de |