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Public Instruction, W. G. Hyde; for AttorneyGeneral, W. C. Love; for Justice of the Supreme Court, J. H. McMillan; for Clerk of the Supreme Court, W. W. Booker; for member of Congress, G. W. Cassidy. The platform includes the following:

Of the hundreds of corporations owning mines and mining upon the great Comstock lode but one is a Nevada corporation; the rest are non-resident. A thousand million dollars have been taken out of the mines, yet not $10,000,000 remain in the State. Every profitable industry is monopolized and plundered until nothing is left to our people but the wretched pittance called the wages of labor. Our population, which was 80,000 in 1864, and which should have been 500,000 by this time, has decreased to 40,000, and our taxable wealth, which should be $1,000,000,000, is less than $20,000,000. Taxes have increased until in many places the property is valueless; immigration has ceased, and the State is being depopu

lated.

At the November election the entire Republican State ticket was elected, the vote for Governor being: Colcord, 6,601; Winters, 5,791. For member of Congress, Bartine received 6,610 votes; Cassidy, 5,736; and M. E. Ward, the nominee of the Prohibition party, 34. Members of the State Legislature were chosen at the same time, the Republicans electing 53 members and the Democrats 7. The question whether a convention should be called to revise the State Constitution was also voted upon, but the act providing for the submission of this question was subsequently discovered to be fatally defective. It contained no provision authorizing the judges or inspectors of election to count and make returns of the votes cast or authorizing the State canvassing board or any State officer to canvass such votes. Although the votes actually cast showed a majority in favor of the convention, no legal method for ascertaining that fact had been provided, and the election was therefore void.

NEW BRUNSWICK. A general election of members to serve in the Provincial Legislature was held in New Brunswick in January, 1890. The most notable feature of the contest was the election of six opposition members in the city and county of St. John, and the consequent defeat of Hon. D. McLellan, who had held the office of Provincial Secretary for nearly seven years. This necessitated a change in the Provincial Cabinet. Hon. James Mitchell, Surveyor-General, took the office of Provincial Secretary, and his place was filled by Hon. Lemuel J. Tweedie. The latter appointment was made under an arrangement for the reduction of the stumpage dues on lumber cut on Crown lands, from $1.25 a thousand superficial feet to $1. This change excited a keen discussion in the Legislature and the public press. A commission was appointed to examine into the condition of the lumber trade, and report on the whole subject of stumpage dues and timber leases. This commission is to report in 1892.

A great part of the session of 1890 was taken up with the investigation of a charge against the leader of the Government, of having corruptly disposed of an important dock contract to John D. Leary, of New York. The charge was completely disproved. It created intense interest all over the province, principally because of the

high standing and exceptional political skill of the gentleman attacked, the Hon. A. G. Blair. The principal laws passed during the year

were:

To authorize the issuing of debentures to pay for the erection of iron or steel highway bridges, such debentures to be redeemable at any time after ten years, and to bear interest at a not greater rate than four per cent. Respecting practice and procedure in the Supreme Court of Equity. This act deals with the whole subject in equity practice, provides for the care of the estate of infants, the foreclosure of mortgages, the partition of lands, the administration of trusts, the control of the estates of lunatics, the adoption of children, dower, and the management of the property of habitual drunkards. All previous acts in regard to these subjects are repealed, and the practice of the court is simplified and modernized.

To amend the Controverted Elections Act. In the

Canadian provinces elections may be set aside by the Supreme Court, where the successful party has used bribery or other unlawful means. The act of 1890 provides that the petitioner in such a proceeding shall, at the time of filing his petition, deposit with the clerk of the court the sum of $1,000 as security for costs, also that the judge is not bound to unseat the successful candidate, unless in his opinion his election was due to illegal practices. Formerly it was sufficient simply to prove that these had been committed, even to the slightest extent. Now it must be made clear that the majority of the successful candidate was probably obtained by corrupt means, unless it it shall be shown that no corrupt means were used by the defeated candidate, when the judge may declare the latter elected, if it shall appear that the defeated candidate was equally guilty with the successtion shall be dismissed. ful one in the employment of illegal agencies, the peti

For the protection of certain animals. This provides a close season for moose, caribou, deer, and red deer, from Jan. 15, to Aug. 31, with a penalty of not less than $100 and not more than $200 for each offense; absolutely prohibits the killing of a cow moose under a penalty of $500; limits the number of animals that one person may kill in any year as follows: One moose, two caribou, three deer, and three red deer; and provides an annual appropriation for the enforcement of the law.

For the registration of dental surgeons. This establishes a dental society, and provides that only dentists who register in the books of the society may practice in the province, an exception being made in the case of registered medical practitioners.

Railways.-The only new line of railway constructed in the province during the year was the St. Francis Railroad, from Edmundston, the junction of the New Brunswick and Temniscouata Railways, up the St. John valley 20 miles. This line will probably be prolonged to Quebec.

The most important event in railway circles in New Brunswick during the year was the acquirement by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company of the New Brunswick Railway. This was originally a narrow-gauge road from Fredericton to Edmundston, built principally by Alexander Gibson, a New Brunswick capitalist, under an act of the local Legislature, giving a bonus of 10,000 acres of land per mile. In addition to its line in the province, the company built an important feeder into Aroostook County, Me. In 1879 the New Brunswick Railway was purchased by a syndicate, at the head of which were Sir George Stephen and Sir Donald Smith, afterward the head of the Canadian Pacific syndicate. The new owners of the New Brunswick line proceeded to acquire all connecting lines, and soon ob

tained control of all the lines in western New Brunswick, except one. This gave them 443 miles of road, with deep-water termini at St. John and Halifax, and enabled them to control the traffic of more than half of New Brunswick and a considerable part of northern Maine. On July 1, 1890, this system passed into the hands of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which hal lately completed a line across the State of Maine, connecting with the New Brunswick Railway at Vanceboro, and thereby became possessed of a line of its own from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has traffic arrangements over the Intercolonial railway between St. John and Halifax, and trains leave the latter city daily for Vancouver on the Pacific coast, under the same management, the whole distance of 3,664 miles. Agriculture. The season of 1890 was the most unfavorable for agricultural pursuits experienced in many years. The spring was late, cold, and wet; the summer in part very dry and in part very wet; the harvest season an almost constant succession of rainy days. Grain sprouted in the fields after being cut, fruit was almost a failure, and thousands of tons of hay were destroyed by floods that covered the low lands.

A strong effort was made by the Provincial Government during the year to foster an interest in dairying, by the engagement of agricultural lecturers, and the granting of bonuses to butter and cheese factories.

International Exhibition. - An International Exhibition was held at St. John in September, and a fine display was made by some of the West Indies, notably Trinidad. The exhibition was very successful. It was managed by a private company, which has undertaken to hold annual exhibitions of the same class.

Although the year was, in a business point of view, not favorable to New Brunswick, no important failures occurred, and the general condition of business continued sound. The year was remarkably free from serious crimes.

NEWFOUNDLAND, a British colony in North America, comprising an island of that name and the coast of Labrador. (See article LABRADOR in the "Annual Cyclopædia for 1888.") The area of the island is about 40,200 square miles. Capital, St. John's.

Legislation. During the period from 1887 to 1890, inclusive, several important acts were passed by the Legislature. The Election act of 1889, as finally amended in the session of 1890, makes the following provisions for the election of members of the House of Assembly: All voting at elections shall be conducted by ballot. Every male British subject, being of the full age of twenty-one years, who for two years preceding the day of election has been a resident in the colony, and who has never been convicted of any infamous crime, shall be competent to vote for the election of members of the Legislative Assembly in and for the electoral district within which he has resided for at least one year immediately preceding the election. The qualifications of persons to be elected as members of the House of Assembly shall be: A net annual income of $480, or the possession of property exceeding $2,400, clear of all incumbrances, and a residence of two years within the island. Every VOL. XXX.-38 A

candidate shall be a male British subject of the full age of twenty-one years. The act makes it penal for candidates to provide drink or refreshments for electors between nomination and polling day. The use of party colors, ribbons, or labels is prohibited during election day, or within eight days before; also the sale of strong drinks on polling day. It provides severe punishment for bribery (to both briber and receiver), for intimidation (spiritual or temporal), and for abduction. It forbids the hiring of any vehicle or mode of conveyance, or payment of traveling expenses, for election purposes. Candidates are to furnish a detailed account of their election expenses to the Colonial Secretary. Provision is made for the trial of controverted elections by a judge of the Supreme Court, instead of by a cominittee of the House of Assembly as formerly.

The Bait act, which came into operation Jan. 2, 1888, provides that no person shall take bait fishes, for sale or exportation, without obtaining a special license from the Receiver-General. The penalty for the violation of this act is, for the first offense, seizure of vessel and gear, and fine of not over $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding six months; for any subsequent offense, imprisonment not exceeding one year, in addition to seizure of vessel.

The Currency act of 1887 renders it imperative that all accounts be kept, and all moneys paid and received in dollars and cents; and provides that silver shall be a legal tender up to $10. It legalizes as current coin of the colony British and foreign coins, viz., the British sovereign and all its multiples, which shall pass current for $4.80; the gold eagle of the United States and all its multiples, which shall pass current for $9.85; British silver coins after the rate fixed for British gold coins.

The Seal Fishery act of 1887 provides that no seals shall be killed before March 12 in any year, or after April 20, under a penalty of $4 for every seal so killed, and that no steamer shall go out on a second or subsequent trip after April 1, in any year, under a penalty of double the value of the seals so brought in; and the master of any steamer found guilty of a breach of this provision shall be debarred from command of any sealing vessel for two years after conviction.

The Preservation of Sheep act of 1887 provides that, on a requisition signed by one third of the voters in any district, the keeping of dogs within such district shall be prohibited.

The Encouragement of Ship Building act of 1889 provides a bounty of $4 a ton on all vessels newly and entirely built and equipped in the colony. It also authorizes the Governor in Council to employ a Lloyd's surveyor.

The Agricultural act of 1889 grants $4,000 a year out of the general revenue for the purpose of agriculture, and authorizes the appointment of a Board of Commissioners of Agriculture to form societies, to obtain improved breeds of animals, to establish a model farm, and to hold an agricultural exhibition annually.

The Local Option Amendment act of 1889 provides that if two thirds of the electors in a district vote in favor of local option, the sale of intoxicating liquors shall be prohibited within the limits of that district.

The Fisheries Commission act of 1889 appoints

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a Board of Fishery Commissioners to superintend all matters connected with the preservation and development of the fisheries, and the fishery interests of the colony.

The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals act of 1889 provides that any one convicted of ill-treating a domestic animal shall pay a penalty not exceeding $25.

During the session of 1890 acts were passed to provide for the local government of towns and settlements, for the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, for the encouragement of paper-pulp factories, also to encourage the growth of flax and hemp, and the manufacture of fish glue, isinglass, and gelatin.

Education.-Education continues to be conducted on the separate or denominational principle. But of the grant from the public funds for educational purposes, each religious denomination receives a share in proportion to its numbers. There are three superintendents of education-one for Church of England schools, one for Roman Catholic schools, and one for Methodist schools. The Education act of 1887 consolidated previous acts, increased and readjusted allocations according to relative population, and provided an annual allowance of $480 for the institution of a scholarship in the London University, to be open to competition from the colony. St. John's is made a center of the London University, so that pupils can there prepare for and pass the matriculation examinations.

Pupil teachers are trained in the academies. In 1890 there were 543 elementary schools, of which 197 belonged to the Church of England, 207 to the Roman Catholic Church, and 135 to the Methodist Church. The total number of pupils in these schools was 31,422; of these pupils, 11,783 belonged to the Church of England, 11.914 to the Roman Catholic Church, 7,640 to the Methodist Church, and 83 to the Congregational Church. The total number of pupils in the colleges, academies, and grammar schools was 969. The total number of pupils in colleges, academies, and common schools was 32,391; or 1 in 6-14 of the population.

The advance in education may be seen by comparing with the foregoing the returns in 1881. At that date there were 418 elementary schools, having 24,292 pupils; in the colleges, academies, and grammar schools there were 64 pupils; and the total number of pupils was 24,971, or about 1 in 7 of the population. There has also been a marked advance in the quality of the education, in the qualifications of the teachers, and in the character and equipment of school buildings. The higher education is also receiving more attention in recent years. Separate boards of education in the districts have charge of the schools. The annual grant by the Legislature for educational purposes is $118,795.

Railways.-The railway from St. John's to Harbor Grace was opened in 1884. Its length is 86 miles. A new branch railway from Whitbourne Junction to Placentia, 26 miles, was opened in 1888. In 1889 and 1890 acts were passed to provide for the construction of a railway toward Hall's Bay, with a branch to Brigus or Clarke's Beach, authorizing a loan of $4,500,000 at 3 per cent., and providing for the acceptance of a tender for construction. The tender

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The Bank fishery has increased rapidly within the past four years, and now employs about 450 vessels and more than 4,000 men. The shore fishery has declined.

In 1887 the number of seals taken was 230,355; in 1888, it was 286,464; in 1889, it was 207,084.

The export of lobsters was as follows: In 1887,2,097,092 pounds; in 1888, 3,360,672 pounds; in 1889, 4,003,561 pounds. The number of lobster-canning factories in 1890 was 200.

The annual value of the herring and salmon fisheries is, respectively, about $350,000 and $100,000. The total value of the fisheries in 1889 was $6,371,304. The total number of persons engaged in fishing and curing fish in 1890 was 60,000, the number of able-bodied fishermen 37,000.

Agriculture. According to the last census (1884), there are 46,996 acres of land under cultivation. Number of cows, 19,886; of horses, 5,536; of sheep, 40,326; of swine, 21,555. Number of bushels of oats raised, 5,393; barrels of potatoes, 302,649; of turnips, 24,006; butter, pounds, 247,064; tons of hay cut, 28,312 in the year 1884. A successful agricultural exhibition was held in St. John's in October, 1890. Trade.--The trade for three years has been as

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Finances. The revenue in three years was: In 1887, $1,272.600; in 1888, $1,370,029; in 1889, $1,362,893. The public debt in the same years was: In 1887, $3.005,040; in 1888, $3.335,589; in 1889. $4,133,202. The amount of debt per head of the entire population is $19.69. The interest on the public debt in 1890 was $202,914.

Population. The census of 1884 showed that the population of Newfoundland and Labrador was 197,589. Of these, 99,344 were males and 93,780 females. Of the entire number, 69,000 belonged to the Church of England, 75,254 to the Roman Catholic Church, 48.767 to the Methodist Church, 1,495 to the Presbyterian Church, and 1,470 to the other denominations.

In 1874 the population was 161,374. The increase in the decade 1874-'84 was 36,209, or 22:43 per cent.

Shipping. The registered shipping in 1889 was: Vessels, 2.172; tonnage, 93,992. The sub

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sidies for steam communication, ocean and coastwise in 1890 amounted to $157,055.

Industries.-In 1890 there were in the island 55 saw mills, 4 tanneries, 6 iron foundries, 7 furniture factories, and 95 other factories.

Fish Culture--The artificial propagation of codfish and lobsters, on a large scale, was carried on under Adolph Nielsen, Superintendent of Fisheries, in 1890. In the hatchery at Dildo Island, Trinity Bay, 17,000,000 cod were hatched and planted in the waters of the bay, and 15,000,000 lobsters. In addition 432 floating incubators were distributed at 14 different stations throughout the island; and in these 390,934,500 lobsters were hatched and planted. The whole number of lobster ova hatched in the summer of 1890 was 406,005,300. This is by far the greatest success ever reached in the artificial propagation of lobsters.

Newspapers. In 1890 three daily papers were published in St. John's, two bi-weekly and one weekly; in Harbor Grace, one bi-weekly; and in Trinity and Twillingate, one weekly.

Government.-In 1890 there were 18 electoral districts, sending 36 members to the House of Assembly. They are elected every four years by the people, manhood suffrage being now established. The Legislative Council consists of 15 members, who are nominated by the Governor in Council, and hold office for life. The members of both branches of the Legislature are paid. The country has enjoyed "responsible government" since 1855. By its provisions the party that are sustained by a majority in the Legisla

ture have at their disposal the appointments to the principal offices in the colony.

Political.-In June, 1887, Sir G. W. Des Voeux, who was then Governor, was appointed by the Imperial Government as Governor of Hong-Kong. He was succeeded by Sir Henry Blake, who remained until November, 1888, when he was appointed Governor of Jamaica. His successor was Sir Terence N. O'Brien, the present Governor.

In November, 1889, a general election took place. For the first time the voting was according to manhood suffrage and by ballot. The result was that the party led by Sir Robert Thorburn, who had been Premier since 1885, was defeated, and Sir William Whiteway was called on, as Premier, to form a government. Fresh troubles arose in 1888 in connection with the "French shore question," and are still unsettled. By certain ancient treaties the French enjoy rights of fishing and drying fish on the western and northern coasts of the island. For a long time a difference of opinion existed between the two nations as to the proper interpretation of those treaties. The French have long contended that the treaties gave them an exclusive right to the fisheries along this portion of the coast. British statesmen have always refused to admit such a claim, and have contended that British subjects have a concurrent right of fishing there, provided they did not "interrupt" the fishing operations of the French. All attempts to settle this difficulty and arrive at a common understanding have hitherto failed. The colonists bitterly complain of the injustice and hardships they have long suffered through the persistent claims of the French, which have practically excluded them from the better half of the island. At present only 8 or 10 French vessels visit that extent of coast. Vexatious quarrels occur constantly and endanger the peace of the two

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