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think it most important to conduct prospective Geneva conferences under clearly delineated U.N. auspices. But more important still the U.N. can play a central role in the solution of the Arab-Israeli conflict-through use of permanent international forces to patrol demiliterized zones; U.N. teams to inspect and oversee compliances by both sides with the terms of the settlement and, finally, by providing appropriate guarantees of the overall settlement.

I am well aware of the low esteem in which the U.N. is held by Israel and perhaps others, but a U.N. guarantee would also be a great power guarantee, more specifically a Soviet-American guarantee, and that, one hopes, would inspire some measure of confidence. The point is the great nations can vest power in the U.N. by lending it a measure of their own.

Even without the immediate cooperation of others there is much else the United States could do to breathe life into the U.N. We could make it national policy to appoint men or women of emminence and power-with the prestige of the late Adlai Stevenson or the late Senator Robert Taft as our representatives in the U.N. We could make it national policy to refrain from using our veto in the Security Coun

cil.

We could make it known to the other great powers that the U.N. is our preferred forum for negotiations on arms control and other crucial issues. We could take the lead in negotiating those long-neglected agreements called for by Article 43 of the Charter, under which members would and I quote, "Make available to the Security Council *** armed forces, assistance and facilities" to deal with threats to and breaches of the peace.

NECESSITY OF EFFECTIVE WORLD PEACEKEEPING ORGANIZATION

There is very little in international affairs about which I feel certain, but there is one thing of which I am quite certain, the necessity of fundamental change in the way nations conduct their relations with each other. There is nothing in the human environment, as Adlai Stevenson once reminded us, to prevent us from bringing about some fundamental change. Even the great legal realist of the World War II period, Winston Churchill, recognized the importance of the U.N. idea. In his famous speech at Fulton, Mo., in 1946, remembered for its reference to the "iron curtain" which had rung down across the continent of Europe, Churchill called for a new, cooperative world order. He called for a "good understanding on all points with Russia under the general authority of the United Nations organization," and he called, too, for the arming of a new world body with international force. Speaking of the U.N., he said, and I quote, "We must make sure that its work is fruitful, that it is a reality and not a sham, that it is a force for action, and not merely a frothing of words, that it is a true temple of peace in which the shields of many nations can some day be hung up, and not merely a cockpit in a Tower of Babel."

Churchill's call made sense in 1946, and it still makes sense. Now as then the idea of an effective world peacekeeping organization is something more than a visionary ideal, it is an immediate and practical necessity.

CHANGE IN UNITED STATES ATTITUDE TOWARD U.N., INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS URGED

Mr. Chairman, it will not be my purpose this morning to suggest any sweeping changes in the United Nations Charter or any of our other international institutions.

Rather, it will be my purpose to urge a sweeping change in the U.S. Government's attitude toward, and its use of, these institutions. Never before has it been clearer that the unilateral and bilateral diplomacy that has been our tool in recent years is not adequate to cope with regional and world-wide problems. The tragic catastrophe in Southeast Asia demonstrates vividly the limits of such action, hopefully for all times. As I have said so many times, the United States cannot be the policeman of the world. The only alternative is collective action and multilateral diplomacy-the principal arena for which is the United Nations.

This, of course, is what we had intended the U.N. to perform when we joined the United Nations. It is as hard to pinpoint just where or when we began to shun involving the U.N. in our problems as it is to fix a date for our involvement in Vietnam or the time of the shift of power from the legislative to the executive branch. But it seems to me to be of the same pattern. Just as the executive branch was gradually freezing the Congress out of the foreign policymaking process, so was it equally determined not to tolerate any scrutiny of its policies and actions by the United Nations.

This is a far cry from the late 1940's and early 1950's when foreign aid legislation contained provisions ending these programs whenever the United Nations could take over and when our mutual security treaties contained a standard article: "This Treaty does not affect the responsibility of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security."

Some will argue that the coolness that has developed on our part toward the United Nations was a response to the growth and unmanageability of the institution, particularly the General Assembly. But that is somewhat like the chicken and egg argument. Did the General Assembly become what it has because its recommendations were being ignored or did we start ignoring it because it would not do our bidding and dared criticize our actions? I rather favor the former explanation because it opens the way to corrective action on our part through a change in our attitude toward the United Nations.

I may have become too insistent about the United States having to stop trying to remake the world in its own image but I believe this attitude was a factor leading to our present isolated stance in the United Nations.

As soon as we sensed that we were losing control over the United Nations and that member nations did not buy our view of the world and what should be done, we abandoned the U.N. as a major channel for American foreign policy and chose to take upon ourselves the responsibility for maintaining international peace and security.

What, however, would have happened if our attitude had been to try put ourselves in the shoes of the developing and nonalined countries? Could we not have avoided the polarization of the General Assembly and our subsequent isolation from the mainstream of world

opinion? Was "the tyranny of the majority" that is now so decried a product of our own making? A backward glance would seem to be in order.

The United Nations was intended to be the world's instrument for peaceful change but our nay-saying of recent times has thwarted that

purpose.

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES' INABILITY TO PRODUCE CHANGE THROUGH U.N.

Long-time frustrations over the developing countries' inability to produce change through the United Nations in the areas of economic development, human rights and disarmament, no doubt played a role in producing the bloc voting now noted. When one recalls, for example, that questions relating to South Africa have been considered by the General Assembly since 1946 without an appreciable change in conditions there, one can understand the frustration of the majority that vented itself in the vote to suspend South Africa's membership. Perhaps the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties was a reaction to the developed countries' unwillingness and/or inability to devote even 1 percent of their gross national product to the development of others, and similar wealth-sharing proposals.

I personally wish to interject there that I do not regard the use of GNP as a reasonable criterion for these purposes, or for any other purpose, in my opinion, other than simple activity in many cases is of the meaningless kind.

But since it is used it is simply a very poor measure of our interest in it. But I also in saying this do not again wish to express approval of the bilateral assistance given the countries simply because I question its effectiveness. And I have for many years thought whatever should be done should be done through a multilateral organization.

The General Assembly has always served as a forum of world public opinion and an arena for moral judgments. Condemnation is a part of its functions. Indeed, the United States in the cold war days and at other times has used it in this fashion. The assumption, however, that the moral weight of world opinon expressed through the General Assembly, would have a moderating effect on the deplorable events and practices has not been borne out by events. As the United Nations ages and long-term problems continue on the agenda year after year without solution, the temptation to the majority to do something drastic just for the sake of "doing" may get progressively greater. The unenforceability of General Assembly resolutions is one member's protection but another member's frustration. In sum, after 30 years of resoluting to no avail the pressures for bending the provisions of the charter and the rules of procedure have temporarily become too great. Perhaps as a result of their inexperience, the newly independent nations have a much more relaxed or liberal view of the charter than the Western bloc. The United States especially seems to be cast in the role of a "strict constructionalist." This was not always so, as the United States is now often and rightly being reminded. At the heighth of the Stalinist period of the cold war, frustrated by interminable Soviet vetoes in the Security Council, we took a very wide view of the charter and led to a move to shift power from the Security Council to the General Assembly through the adoption of the "Uniting for Peace Resolution" of 1950 which stated that:

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If the Security Council, because of the lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility, for the maintenance of international peace and security in any case where there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression, the General Assembly shall consider the matter immediately with a view to making appropriate recommendations to Members for collective measures, including the case of a breach of the peace or act of aggression the use of armed force when necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security.

At that time, this resolution was questioned by some as being a disguised amendment to the United Nations Charter and every possible legal argument was advanced by the United States to support the position that the General Assembly did have the power to adopt such a far-reaching resolution. In a way, the shoe is on the other foot now, and it is not becoming of us to be holier than thou and self-righteous about the rules of procedure and the United Nations Charter generally. The Charter, as our own Constitution, should be regarded as a living charter.

Similarly, the shoe would seem to be on the other foot as far as the "automatic majority" is concerned. As Ambassador Malik was quick to point out the United States invented the automatic majority. "I was a victim of the tyranny of the majority during the cold war at the U.N.” he said recently.

UNIVERSALITY OF U.N. CONCEPT

Aside from the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties, the tyranny of the majority most deplored was the suspension of South Africa, the invitation to the Palestine Liberation Front to address the General Assembly and its subsequent acceptance as an "observer" at the U.N. These issues all involve in some way the concept of the universality of the United Nations. If the "town meeting of the world” view of the United Nations has any validity, then it should be acceptable to hear from representatives of liberation movements. And indeed, they have been heard for years in various General Assembly committees from Puerto Rico to Southwest Africa to the Portuguese colonies and elsewhere.

The suspension of South Africa, on the other hand, flies in the face of the principle of universality and the charter. In this connection, I have to note with regret the vigorous battle waged by the United States last year at the General Assembly to keep the Lon Nol government seated and deny any role to the Khmer Rouge and Prince Sihanouk. We won our case by a vote of 56 to 54. What a phyrric victory. This exemplifies what I mean by changing our attitudes and adjusting to rising forces. We should view the United Nations as the forum where all sides can be heard and direct communcations between antagonists should be feasible. Nothing tragic would have occurred if Prince Sihanouk or his representatives had been heard at the General Assembly meeting. On the other hand, perhaps some good might have come out of trying to bring the parties together. But, we did not want anyone to interfere with us in Southeast Asia.

U.S. "POOR LOSER" IMAGE

Among other attitudes that I would like to see change is the image of the "poor loser" that we have acquired. We are taking ourselves too seriously at the United Nations. It seems to me that the great power role has gone to our head and we have not learned to take the brickbats

and setbacks philosophically and the tail-tweaking with good humor. When opposed, we pick up our marbles and go off to play by ourselves, making the situation only worse.

STRIVING FOR CONSENSUS

I am also favorably impressed by the advice of Harlan Cleveland in the recent article that we should strive for consensus in place of putting every question to a vote.

SOLVING PROBLEMS IN POLITICAL ARENA THROUGH U.N.

The change in attitude is all the more important now that the U.S. Government, or at any rate the legislative branch of it, is looking toward the United Nations to help deliver humanitarian assistance to Southeast Asia. This should be the first step in turning to the United Nations for the solution of other problems in the political arena, such as the Middle East, as I have long advocated.

The hour is most appropriate for a return to greater reliance on multilateral institutions and processes for easing the world's growing pains and bringing about peaceful change. The United States should seize the opportunity positively, constructively, and with a sensitive appreciation of other nations' needs and yearnings. After all, 200 years ago we were revolutionaries ourselves, committed to undoing the status quo.

Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

I apologize for such a long statement but it was too good an opportunity to pass up.

The CHAIRMAN. That was a very fine statement. We thank you for it.

PANEL OF FORMER PERMANENT U.N. REPRESENTATIVES HEARD

I suppose you know the panel we had before us yesterday, Ambassador Yost, Justice Goldberg, Governor Stassen, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, they were the ones who had served in the U.N. as our permanent representatives over the years.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Yes, sir.

ACTION AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA AND ISRAEL UNCONSTITUTIONAL

The CHAIRMAN. You make reference in here to the action taken against South Africa. Justice Goldberg said that was contrary to the Charter.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. I agree with that, yes.

The CHAIRMAN. And he also criticized the action that UNESCO took. He said that was contrary to the UNESCO constitution, too.

But, generally there was strong support by the whole panel for the United Nations. I think they made a very fine presentation and a very fine argument along the line that you make.

I gather from oblique reference in your statement that you feel there has been a loss of regard for the U.N. by the American people over the past few years.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Yes; I do. There have been many statements by some public officials and others of disillusionment with it and there are people who advocate our getting out of the U.N.

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