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The following table classifies the married women in Cleveland and the rural Ohio counties, by color, parentage, and nationality:

TABLE 10.-Women under 45 years of age married more than one year, classified by parentage: Number tabulated.

OHIO: CLEVELAND AND 48 RURAL COUNTIES. 1900.

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In this table, as in all the tabulations for Ohio, a more extended classification by nationality is made than in Rhode Island. The Ohio tables distinguish the following nationalities not separately classified in the Rhode Island tabulations: Austrian, Bohemian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Swiss, and Welsh. The entry "Other foreign" is made up of French Canadians, Danes, and Norwegians, the number of whom residing in Cleveland and the selected counties was too small to make separate tabulation worth while.

The white women of foreign parentage shown in the foregoing table are subdivided in the next table into two groups as regards birthplace, those born in the United States and those born in foreign countries. The latter are designated throughout as the first generation, the former as the second generation. As in the case of Rhode Island, the term nationality is here used with reference to the birthplace of both parents. That is, "Irish" means "both parents born in Ireland;" "German," means "both parents born in Germany," and

so on.

The average number of children borne per native white American woman was 2 and the average per woman of foreign parentage 3.4. The average is greater in the first generation of women of foreign parentage than in the second, a difference only partly accounted for by the slightly greater average length of time married in case of the first generation. For each foreign nationality, also, the average is greater in the first generation than in the second.

The average number of years married was 10.9 for the native white American women and 10.6 for the white women of foreign parentage. For the Germans the average is the same in both generations. For every other nationality the average is longer in the first than in the second generation. This may be explained, in general, on the ground that the women of the second generation are probably younger, on the average, than those of the first generation. This hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that the widest differences occur within the foreign nationalities of most recent immigration. Thus the Italians, in the case of whom the widest difference occurs, are probably the most recent immigration group included in the table, while the Germans and Irish, at the other extreme, are among the earliest. It is also probable that the second generation women do not marry so early in life as did their mothers of the first generation. The number of years married per child borne is shown to be considerably smaller for the women of foreign than of native stock. The native white women had been married 5.6 years for every child borne, the white women of foreign parentage 3.1 years. Both these figures are slightly lower than the corresponding figures for married women under 45 who had been married 10 to 20 years, which is perhaps to be expected, as the first ten years is likely to be the most productive period of married life. The rate of childbearing on the part of women of foreign parentage is nearly twice as great as that of native American women. The highest rate is shown by the French Canadian women (2.6 years of married life per child borne), which is more than twice as fast as the rate for native American white women. The average term of married life per child borne is shorter in the first generation of each foreign nationality than in the second, except where the numbers are too small to be significant.

The following table presents the childbearing rate of the classes of Rhode Island women here considered, divided into three groups according to age, the first group including women 15 to 24 years of age, the second 25 to 34 years, and the third 35 to 44 years:

TABLE 9.-Women under 45 years of age married more than one year, classified by parentage and nativity, and by age: Average number of years married per child borne.

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For the youngest group in the table the childbearing rate is 1 child every 2.6 years, for the next group 1 every 3.2 years, and for the oldest group 1 every 4.1 years. This reflects, in part, the fact that the earlier years of a woman's married life are more productive of children than the later years, even within the childbearing period; also, in part, the correlative fact that the lower her age at marriage, the more productive her married life is likely to be.

In each age group the women of foreign parentage showed a faster rate of childbearing than the native white women of native parentage. It is to be noted, however, that the decline in the childbearing rate in the older groups as compared with the younger is much more marked for the women of native parentage than for those of foreign parentage. Thus, in the youngest group the childbearing rate was one and one-fourth times as fast for women of foreign as of native stock, in the next oldest group one and three-fifths times as fast, and in the oldest group twice as fast. That is, not only did the women of foreign stock show a faster rate of childbearing in the three age groups than the native white women, but the difference between the two classes in this respect was greater the older the age group.

OHIO.

Classes of married women included.-The tabulations for Ohio included the same classes of married women as the Rhode Island tabulations, except that there have been omitted from the Ohio tabulations women the nationality of whose husbands was not ascertainable and women who belonged to the less numerous foreign nationalities residing in the State.

The city of Cleveland had in 1900 a population of 381,768. The foreign-born population numbered 124,631, or 32.6 per cent of the total. The total number of married women under 45 years of age for whom the data in regard to children have been tabulated was 43,624.

The 48 counties selected in Ohio included all the counties in the northern half of the State with the exception of five (Cuyahoga, Lucas, Mahoning, Stark, and Summit), which were omitted because their population is largely urban. These 48 counties had in 1900 a population of 1,578,404, of whom 117,265, or 7.4 per cent, were foreignborn. As over 70 per cent of the population of these counties is rural—that is, resident in country districts or in places of less than 2,500 population-they may be termed rural counties, presenting, therefore, an excellent basis for comparison with the city of Cleveland. In the 48 counties the number of married women for whom childbearing data were tabulated was 42,760.

The following table classifies the married women in Cleveland and the rural Ohio counties, by color, parentage, and nationality:

TABLE 10.-Women under 45 years of age married more than one year,

entage: Number tabulated.

OHIO: CLEVELAND AND 48 RURAL COUNTIES. 1900.

classified by par

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In this table, as in all the tabulations for Ohio, a more extended classification by nationality is made than in Rhode Island. The Ohio tables distinguish the following nationalities not separately classified in the Rhode Island tabulations: Austrian, Bohemian, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Swiss, and Welsh. The entry "Other foreign" is made up of French Canadians, Danes, and Norwegians, the number of whom residing in Cleveland and the selected counties was too small to make separate tabulation worth while.

The white women of foreign parentage shown in the foregoing table are subdivided in the next table into two groups as regards birthplace, those born in the United States and those born in foreign countries. The latter are designated throughout as the first generation, the former as the second generation. As in the case of Rhode Island, the term nationality is here used with reference to the birthplace of both parents. That is, "Irish" means "both parents born in Ireland;" "German," means "both parents born in Germany," and

so on.

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