18) Members of the Royal Academy of Science of seven years' standing.

19) Regular members of the Superior Council of Public Instruction, after seven years of service.

20) Those who by their services or eminent merit have done honor to their country.

21) Persons who, for at least three years, have paid direct property or business taxes to the amount of 3,000 lire.

ART. 34. By virtue of their position the princes of the royal family shall be members of the Senate. They shall take rank immediately after the president. They shall enter the Senate at the age of twenty-one and have a vote at twenty-five.

ART. 35. The president and vice-presidents of the Senate shall be appointed by the King. The Senate shall choose its secretaries from among its own members.

ART. 36. The Senate may be constituted a High Court of Justice by decree of the King to try crimes of high treason and attempts upon the safety of the state, and to try ministers impeached by the House of Deputies.

When acting in this capacity, the Senate is not a political body. It shall not then occupy itself with any other judicial matters than those for which it was convened; any other action shall be null and void.

ART. 37. No senator shall be arrested except by virtue of an order of the Senate, unless he be taken in the commission of an offense. The Senate shall be the sole judge of the imputed misdemeanors of its members.

ART. 38. Legal documents as to births, marriages, and deaths of members of the royal family shall be presented to the Senate and deposited by that body among its archives.

THE HOUSE OF DEPUTIES

ART. 39. The elective house shall be composed of deputies chosen by the electoral districts as provided by law."

"The election of deputies is now controlled by the royal decree of March 28, 1895, which is a consolidation of all laws in force passed before

ART. 40. No person shall be a member of the House who is not a subject of the King, thirty years of age, in the enjoyment of all civil and political rights, and of the other qualifications required by law.

ART. 41. Deputies shall represent the nation as a whole, and not the several provinces from which they are chosen. No binding instructions may therefore be given by the electors.

ART. 42. Deputies shall be elected for five years; their power shall cease ipso facto at the expiration of this period.

ART. 43. The president, vice-presidents, and secretaries of the House of Deputies shall be chosen by the House from among its own members at the beginning of each session, for the entire session.

ART. 44. If a deputy ceases for any reason to perform his duties, the electoral district that chose him shall be called upon at once to proceed with a new election.

ART. 45. Deputies shall be privileged from arrest during the sessions, except when taken in the commission of an offense, and no deputy may be proceeded against in criminal matters without the previous consent of the House.

ART. 46. No warrant of arrest for debts may be executed against a deputy during the sessions of the House, nor within a period of three weeks preceding or following the same.

that date. Italy is divided into 508 districts, each of which elects one deputy. Voters must possess the following qualifications: (1) be Italian citizens; (2) have attained the age of twenty-one years; (3) be able to read and write; (4) have successfully passed the examinations in the subjects comprised in the course of compulsory elementary education. The fourth qualification is not required of officials, graduates of colleges, professional men, of those who pay an annual direct tax of not less than 19.80 lire, of those who pay an agricultural rental of 500 lire, of those who pay house rent of from 150 to 400 lire according to the population of the commune in which they live, of those who have served two years in the army, and of certain other less important classes.

The Mancini law of December 6, 1877, has done away with personal arrest for debts.

ART. 47. The House of Deputies shall have power to impeach ministers of the crown and to bring them to trial before the High Court of Justice.

PROVISIONS COMMON TO BOTH HOUSES

ART. 48. The sessions of the Senate and House of Deputies shall begin and end at the same time.

Every meeting of one house, at a time when the other is not in session, is illegal and its acts are entirely void.

ART. 49. Senators and deputies before entering upon the duties of their office shall take an oath to be loyal to the King, to observe faithfully the constitution and laws of the state, and to perform their duties with the inseparable welfare of King and country as the sole end in view.

ART. 50. The office of senator or deputy shall not carry with it any compensation or remuneration.

ART. 51. Senators and deputies shall not be called to account for opinions expressed or votes given in the houses.

ART. 52. The sessions of the houses shall be public.

Upon the written request of ten members secret sessions may be held.

ART. 53. No session or vote of either house shall be legal or valid unless an absolute majority of its members is present. ART. 54. Action on any question shall be taken only by a majority of the votes cast.

ART. 55. All bills shall first be submitted for preliminary examination to committees elected by each house. Any proposition discussed and approved by one house shall be transmitted to the other for its consideration and approval; after passing both houses it shall be presented to the King for his approval. Bills shall be discussed article by article.

ART. 56. Any bill rejected by one of the three legislative powers shall not again be introduced during the same session.

ART. 57. Every person who has attained his majority shall have the right to send petitions to the houses, which shall order them to be examined by a committee; on report of the

committee each house shall decide whether such petitions are to be taken into consideration, and in case of an affirmative decision, they shall be referred to the competent minister or to one of the sections of the house for action."

ART. 58. No petition may be presented in person to either house.

Legally organized bodies alone shall have the right to petition under a collective name.

ART. 59. The houses shall not receive any deputation, nor give hearing to others than their own members, ministers, and commissioners of the government.

ART. 60. Each house shall be the sole judge of the qualifications and elections of its own members.

ART. 61. The Senate and the House of Deputies shall make their own rules and regulations respecting their methods of procedure in the performance of their respective duties.

ART. 62. Italian shall be the official language of the houses.

The use of French shall, however, be permitted to the members coming from districts where French is used, and in replying to them.8

ART. 63. Votes shall be taken by rising and sitting, by division, or by secret ballot. The latter method, however, shall always be employed for the final vote on a law and in all cases of a personal character.

ART. 64. No one shall at the same time hold the office of senator and of deputy.

THE MINISTERS

ART. 65. The King appoints and dismisses his ministers. ART. 66. The ministers shall have no vote in either house unless they are members thereof.

"The House of Deputies is divided into nine sections or "uffici," among which legislative business is divided by the president of the House.

This clause applied principally to Savoy which became a part of France, by the terms of the treaty of March 24, 1860.

They shall have entrance to both houses and shall be heard upon request.

ART. 67. The ministers are responsible.

Laws and governmental acts shall not take effect until they shall have received the signature of a minister.

THE JUDICIARY

ART. 68. Justice emanates from the King and shall be administered in his name by the judges whom he appoints.

ART. 69. Judges appointed by the King, except cantonal judges, shall be irremovable, after three years of service.9

ART. 70. Courts, tribunals, and judges shall be retained as at present existing. No modification shall be introduced except by law.10

ART. 71. No one shall be withdrawn from his ordinary legal jurisdiction.

It shall, therefore, not be lawful to create extraordinary tribunals or commissions.11

ART. 72. The proceedings of courts in civil cases and the

9 A law of 1859 re-enacted December 6, 1865, permits transfers of judges, provided they preserve the same grade and salary. By a decree of January 4, 1880, a legal commission of five members must be consulted with regard to such transfers.

10 There are in Italy five independent Courts of Cassation, or courts of last resort, those of Turin, Florence, Naples, Palermo, and Rome. However, the Court of Cassation of Rome has gradually received exclusive jurisdiction over several important matters; a law of December 12, 1875, granted this court exclusive jurisdiction over conflicts between other courts as to their respective powers, in cases involving the revenues of the state, in cases involving the suppression of religious corporations, and in certain other matters; a law of March 31, 1877, extends its competence over conflicts between administrative officers and the courts; the law of December 6, 1888, made the Court of Cassation of Rome the only court of final jurisdiction in criminal matters. In civil matters, however, the courts of Turin, Florence, Naples, and Palermo still retain jurisdiction coextensive with that of the court at Rome.

11 The code of penal procedure, however, in Article 766 provides that in case of reasonable suspicion, or on the grounds of public safety, a person may be removed for trial from the regularly constituted jurisdiction.