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other states without delay to the authority which may claim them.

ART. 114. The governors of the state are bound to publish and enforce the federal laws.

ART. 115. In each state of the Federation full faith and credit shall be given to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of all the other states. The Congress may, by means of general laws, prescribe the manner of proving such acts, records, and proceedings, and the effect thereof.

ART. 116. The federal government is bound to protect the states against all invasion or external violence. In case of insurrection or internal disturbance it shall give them the same protection, provided that the legislature of the state, or the executive, if the legislature is not in session, shall request it.

TITLE VI. GENERAL PROVISIONS

ART. 117. The powers which are not expressly granted by this constitution to the federal authorities are understood to be reserved to the states.

ART. 118. No person shall hold at the same time two federal elective offices; but if elected to two, he may choose the one which he prefers.

ART. 119. No payment shall be made which is not included in the estimates, or authorized by a subsequent law.

ART. 120. The President of the Republic, the members of the Supreme Court of Justice, deputies, and all other public officers of the Federation, who are chosen by popular election, shall receive a compensation for their services, which shall be determined by law and paid from the federal treasury. This compensation may not be waived, and any law which may increase or diminish it shall not have effect during the period for which a functionary holds the office.

ART. 121. Every public officer, without any exception, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, shall take an

oath to maintain this constitution and the laws emanating from it.

ART. 122. In time of peace no military authority shall exercise other functions than those having close connection with military discipline. No fixed and permanent military offices shall be established except in castles, fortresses, and arsenals depending immediately upon the government of the Union, or in camps, barracks, or depots which may be established outside of towns, for the stationing of troops.

ART. 123. The federal authorities shall have exclusive power to exercise, in matters of religious worship and external ecclesiastical discipline, the intervention which the laws may authorize.

ART. 124. The Federation shall have exclusive power to levy duties on merchandise imported, exported, or passing in transit through the national territory, as well as to regulate at all times and even to prohibit, for the sake of public safety or for police reasons, the circulation of any kind of goods in the interior of the Republic, whatever may be its origin; but the Federation shall have no power to establish or to enact in the Federal District and territories the taxes and laws referred to in clauses VI and VII or Art. 111.58

ART. 125. The forts, barracks, arsenals, and other immovable property destined, by the government of the Union, to the public service or to the common use, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the federal authorities, under provisions to be established by a law which the Congress of the Union shall enact; but for the acquisition of such property within the territory of any state, the consent of the legislature of such state shall hereafter be necessary.59

68 As amended May 1, 1896. The original article and amendments to it of May 17, 1882, November 25, 1884, and November 22, 1886, related to the abolition of state customs and excise taxes and other taxes on internal commerce.

59 As amended October 31, 1901.

ART. 126. This constitution, the laws of the Congress of the Union made in pursuance thereof, and all the treaties made or to be made by the President of the Republic, with the approval of Congress, shall be the supreme law of the whole Union. The judges of each state shall be bound by such constitution, laws, and treaties, any provision in the constitutions or laws of the states to the contrary notwithstanding.

TITLE VII. AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

ART. 127. The present constitution may be amended or revised. No amendment shall become part of the constitution, if not agreed upon by the Congress of the Union, by a vote of two-thirds of the members present, and approved by a majority of the legislatures of the states. The Congress of the Union shall count the votes of the legislatures and make the declaration that the amendments have been adopted.

TITLE VIII. INVIOLABILITY OF THE CONSTITUTION

ART. 128. This constitution shall not lose its force and vigor even if its observance should be interrupted by a rebellion. In case that by any public disturbance a government is established contrary to the principles which it sanctions, its efficiency shall be restored as soon as the people regain their liberty, and those who shall have figured in the government emanating from the rebellion, or have co-operated with it, shall be tried in accordance with the provisions of this constitution and of the laws made in pursuance thereof.

TEMPORARY PROVISION

This constitution shall be published at once and sworn to with the greatest solemnity throughout the whole Republic; but its provisions, except those relating to the election of the supreme powers, federal and state, shall not go into effect until the sixteenth of September next, when the first Congress under the constitution shall meet. On and after that date the Presi

dent of the Republic and the Supreme Court of Justice, who shall continue in the exercise of their functions until their constitutionally elected successors enter upon the discharge of their duties, shall, in the exercise of their powers and duties, act in accordance with the provisions of this constitution.

ADDITIONS TO THE CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE I. The church and the state shall be independent of each other. Congress shall not enact laws establishing or forbidding any religion.0

ART. 2. Marriage is a civil contract. Marriage and all other acts relating to the civil status of persons shall fall exclusively within the jurisdiction of the civil authorities, in the manner provided by law, and they shall have the force and validity given to them by such laws."

60

ART. 3. No religious institutions shall acquire real estate or funds secured upon real estate, except in the case set forth in Art. 27 of the constitution.60

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ART. A simple promise to tell the truth and to comply with obligations entered into shall take the place of the religious oath, with its effects and penalties.60

60 Added by amendment of September 25, 1873.

NETHERLANDS

Holland was occupied by French troops in 1794 and 1795, and by the treaty of the Hague of May 16, 1795, became the Batavian Republic, under the protection of France. After Napoleon became emperor of France, the Batavian Republic was in 1806 displaced by the kingdom of Holland with Louis Bonaparte as its ruler. But the king of Holland did not prove as subservient as Napoleon desired, and Holland was incorporated into the French empire in July, 1810. The French rule disappeared with the fall of Napoleon. Holland was restored to the Prince of Orange in 1814, and the kingdom of the Netherlands was created by the union of Holland and Belgium, as a barrier against subsequent French aggression.

On August 24, 1815, a constitution was promulgated for the united kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1840, after the settlement of all questions concerning the independence of Belgium, the constitution was revised, but without material alteration in the governmental organization. The constitution was revised in 1848 in such a manner as to establish more liberal principles of government; parliamentary government was substituted for the personal rule of the king; the Upper House became elective, and more extensive rights of self-government were conceded to the provinces and communes.

The amended constitution of 1848 restricted the suffrage to persons paying direct taxes of from twenty to one hundred and sixty florins. An extension of the electoral franchise was demanded by the Liberals as early as 1872, but it could only be accomplished by a constitutional amendment. The constitution. was revised in 1887, and under its amended provisions the election law of 1896 was passed which brought about a fourfold increase in the number of qualified voters.

Until November 23, 1890, the king of the Netherlands was also grand duke of Luxemburg. The union of the two countries then came to an end because of the fact that only males may occupy the throne of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg.

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