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Map Questions and Geographical Review.

Bound North America. Why was it called the New World? Why America? What parts of North America were originally covered by forests? What by prairies? Give the different names of the island first discovered by Columbus. What is the modern name of Hispaniola? Of

the Lucayo islands?

In what latitude is Cuba? What did Columbus suppose Cuba to be? Where is Jamaica? When did the Cabots first visit America? What discovery was made by Ponce de Leon? When? What part of the continent did Verazzano explore? When Who explored the St. Lawrence? When and by whom was the Mississippi discovered?

When and by whom were the head-waters of the Rio Grande discovered? When and by whom was the Pacific coast first explored? When and by whom was Yucatan discovered? When and by whom was Florida discovered? What discovery was made in 1497? In 1541? In 1542? In 1534?

How many Indian families inhabited North America? Of which is most known? Give the location of the Mayas. The Aztecs. The Eskimos. The Shoshones. The Athapascans. The Dakotas. The Mobilians. The Catawbas. The Cherokees. The Algonquins. The Iroquois. What nation dwelt in Mexico? In Yucatan? Within the present limits of New York? Of New England? Of Florida? With which families did the Spanish come in collision? What families dwelt west of 90°? What south of 40°? What family occupied the prairie region? Were the West Indies inhabited? How many Indians were there in all?

NOTE. The pupil should compare the maps in this book with corresponding maps on which present political divisions, towns, and geographical names are correctly given.

HE French Admiral Gas pard de Coligny (ko-leen'ye), desirous of affording French Protestants a place of refuge from religious persecution, obtained the consent of Charles IX. to plant a colony in the New World. Accordingly, a company of Huguenots*

(hu'ge-nots), led by Jean Ribaut † (rè-bo'), crossed the Atlantic in 1562, and, landing at Port Royal, built a fort and garrisoned it with a party of thirty men. "From the North Pole to the Gulf of Mexico there was no Christian denizen but they." Owing to various causes, the colony became dissatisfied. Their provisions failing, they, in desperation, embarked for France in a frail boat. Hunger reduced them to the horrible necessity of sacrificing one of their own number for food.

26. Not discouraged by one failure, Coligny, in 1564, sent forth, under the command of Rene de Laudonnière (reh-na' dà lō-don'ne-air), another and larger body of Hu

See the Huguenots, by Samuel Smiles; and W. G. Simms's Lily and Totem (fiction).

† See Sparks's Am. Biog., Second Series, Vol. VII.

QUESTIONS.-25. By whose influence were the Huguenots led to seek America? Who were the Huguenots? Give a full account of Ribaut's colony. When did Ribaut make his voyage?

26. Who commanded Coligny's second body of colonists?

guenot emigrants. These, having chosen the bank of the St. John, by them called the River of May, as a place of lodgment, erected another fort, named, as that at Port Royal had been, Fort Caroline, in honor of the French king.

But Spain had no thought of relinquishing her claim to Florida, and the bigoted Philip II.* readily entered into a compact with Pedro Menendez, by which the latter was bound to extirpate the

French colony and establish in its stead a settlement of Spanish. Menendez equipped several vessels at his own expense, and, with a number of soldiers and emigrants, put to sea. Arriving at Florida in September, 1564, he proclaimed Philip monarch of all North America, and immediately laid the foundation of St. Augustine (sån aw'gus-teen), the oldest town in the United States. He next proceeded with 500 soldiers against the Huguenot colony, surprised Fort Caroline, and massacred 142 men, women, and children-not, as he declared, because they were French, but because they were Protestants. Several hundred more of the French, who had taken ship, expecting to encounter the Spanish by sea, were wrecked, and they gave themselves up to Menendez, relying on his promise that their lives

* See Prescott's Philip the Second.

Where did these establish themselves? What bargain did Philip make with Menendez? When did Menendez arrive at Florida? What was his first action? Describe his proceedings against the Huguenots.

U. S.-3

should be spared. The Spaniard, basely treacherous, caused them to be slain in cold blood. Laudonnière and a few others escaped to France.

The friends of the murdered colonists applied in vain to the crown for means of retribution. It was reserved to the bold Gascon, Dominique de Gourgues, (do-me-nèk' då goorg) to render blood for blood. By selling his own property, he procured three vessels, and with 150 resolute men put to sea in April, 1567, and reached Florida in May. He surprised and, by the help of Indians, captured the Spanish forts upon the River of May. The prisoners taken were hanged upon the trees under which Menendez had slaughtered the Huguenots. His purpose fulfilled, De Gourgues returned to France. The victims of Spanish violence and bigotry were avenged.*

27. Augustin Ruyz (rīth), in 1580, and Antonio Espejo (ès-pa'ho), in 1581, re-explored the region first visited by Vasquez. Espejo named it New Mexico. In 1582, the Spanish founded, on a branch of the Rio Grande, the town of Santa Fé (sån'tå fà), next to St. Augustine the oldest town in the United States.

28. In 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert† obtained a patent from Elizabeth, Queen of England, to plant a colony in North America; and during the same year he led an expedition to Newfoundland, and went through the ceremony of claiming that island for his sovereign. But he failed to establish a settlement. On his return voyage his ship foundered at midnight in a stormy sea, and he and his crew were lost.

* See Theodore Irving's Conquest of Florida, and Helps's Spanish Conquest of America.

See Barrow's Naval Worthies, and Longfellow's Sir Humphrey Gilbert (poem).

Relate the deeds of Dominique de Gourgues.

27. By whom and in what years was New Mexico re-explored? When was Santa Fe founded? How long after St. Augustine?

28. In what year did Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtain a patent to colonize America? Of whom? What did Gilbert accomplish? What was the manner of his death?