the king's dearest daughter, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death."*

Pocahontas was subsequently married to a young Englishman, John Rolfe, who took her to England, where she died, leaving a son, from whom some of the leading families in Virginia trace their pedigree. Released from captivity, Smith returned to Jamestown, and found the colony reduced to less than fifty persons. To these were presently

added 120 more, most of whom were vagabond gentlemen, goldsmiths, and others equally inefficient as pioneers. In the autumn of 1608, Smith made an exploration of Chesapeake Bay. Soon after this he was chosen president of the council.

Again the colony received an accession, this time of seventy persons, two of whom were women. Smith administered with sense and vigor, securing to the colony all the prosperity that circumstances would permit. He is to be regarded as the central figure about which all others concerned in the settlement of Virginia group in subordination. Says Bancroft: "He was the Father of Virginia, the true leader who first planted the Saxon race within the borders of the United States."

33. In May, 1609, a new charter was granted, in which the powers before exercised by the king were transferred to the London Company, and the local council was superseded by a governor. The company elected Lord de La Warr governor for life; but his affairs detaining him awhile in England, Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers were appointed to act temporarily in his stead. They put to sea with nine vessels, on which embarked

The authenticity of this beautiful anecdote has been called in question by several recent authorities. See S. Hopkins's Youth of the Old Dominion; also M. W. Moseby's Pocahontas, Seba Smith's Powhatan, and Mrs. Sigourney's Pocahontas.

What was the after history of Pocahontas? What second exploration did Smith make? What does the historian Bancroft say of Smith?

33. What change was made in the government of Virginia in 1609? Who was elected governor? Who were appointed governors pro tem.? With how many vessels did they put to sea?

more than 500 emigrants, much of a sort with those that had preceded them-"ruined gentlemen, prodigal sons, disreputable retainers, debauched tradesmen." The ship which carried the deputy governors was wrecked on the shore of Bermuda; the others arrived safely in Virginia.

The new-comers at first disputed the authority of Smith, who, nevertheless, continued to rule, until, disabled by an accidental discharge of gunpowder, he was obliged to cross the sea for surgical aid. The colony, now presided over by Captain Percy, who was prostrated by sickness, fell into confusion. Laziness and vice prevailed, and were speedily followed by famine, disease, and recklessness. Some resorted to piracy. This period in the history of Jamestown is known as the Starving Time. The colony in six months. dwindled away until it numbered only sixty souls. These were unexpectedly gladdened by the arrival of the party that had been wrecked at Bermuda. So general was the discontent that the deputy governors were persuaded to abandon Virginia, and the whole colony took ship and set out for Newfoundland; but, meeting Lord de La Warr near the mouth of James River with men and provisions, they were induced to return, and the deserted village was re-occupied.

The settlement grew more prosperous, but the governor was taken sick, and returned to England, leaving Percy again in authority. Shortly afterward Sir Thomas Dale came to Jamestown with supplies and 300 settlers. He assumed the government and proclaimed a severe code of laws, which continued in force for eight years. Dale was superseded by Sir Thomas Gates, who established the settlements of Henrico and New Bermuda, and who instituted the right of private property, greatly to the good of the colonists. In 1617 Samuel Argall became governor of Vir

With how many emigrants, and of what description? What happened at Bermuda? What befell the colony when Smith left it? How many died during the "starving time?" What did the rest do? Was De La Warr's presence favorable to the prosperity of the colony? Why did he return to England? Who took his place? What kind of laws did Dale establish? Who superseded Dale, and what service did he render the colonists?

ginia, much against the will of the settlers, whom he oppressed and defrauded.

George Yeardley was soon appointed in his place. He it was who called the first Colonial Assembly of Virginia, composed of the governor, the council, and two burgesses from each of the eleven plantations into which the colony was divided. Edwin Sandys, treasurer of the London Company during the year 1621, sent 800 emigrants to Virginia. Among these were ninety young women, who were disposed of as wives to those of the planters who paid their passage. From 100 to 150 pounds of tobacco was "the cost of a wife." Sandys soon resigned his office, and the Earl of Southampton, a friend and patron of Shakespeare, was appointed treasurer in his place.

In August, 1619, a Dutch ship brought to Jamestown twenty Africans, who were sold to the colonists; and thus negro slavery was introduced into the English colonies.* A year later an ordinance was enacted by the London Company granting a colonial constitution to Virginia, by which the people, except in local matters, were subject to laws essentially the same as those of England. Sir Thomas Wyatt was, at the same time, appointed to supersede Yeardley as governor.

34. Very friendly relations existed between the colonists and the Indians up to the time of Powhatan's death. But Opechancánough, the son of Powhatan, proved a bold, cunning, and inveterate foe to the white men. He planned the destruction of all the Virginia settlements. At noon on March 12, 1622, the scattered plantations were attacked by the savages, and 350 men, women, and children were massacred. The inhabitants of Jamestown, forewarned, de

The Spanish had already introduced black slaves into Florida. Negro hands helped to lay the foundation of St. Augustine.

Who followed Argall? What important act marks his administration? How many emigrants did Sandys send to Virginia? How were the women disposed of? By whom were negro slaves first brought to Virginia?

34. What was the character of Powhatan's son and successor? What plot did he devise? How was it executed?

fended themselves without much loss of life. The colonists now entered upon a war of extermination. Gradually the Indians were driven away or destroyed.

35. In 1624 the first colonial statutes of Virginia were enacted. About the same time the king, displeased at the growing power of the London Company, took such action as resulted in the forfeiture of the charter, and Virginia became a royal province. Wyatt was continued at the head of affairs, and no marked changes were made in the government. James I. died in March, 1625, and Charles I. ascended the English throne. An unsuccessful attempt was made by the new monarch to secure a royal monopoly of the tobacco trade, by far the most profitable part of American commerce at that time. In 1634 the colony was divided into eight counties.*

36. Painfully slow was the progress of Virginia for the first dozen years after the planting of Jamestown. But, like a hardy tree, having once taken root, she began steadily to grow. Her early laws, though severe in the letter, were in spirit mild, and her citizens enjoyed a large degree of political freedom. "Virginia was the first state in the world, composed of separate boroughs diffused over an extensive surface, where the government was organized on the principle of universal suffrage." All tax payers were allowed to vote. Conformity to the Church of England was required, and neither Catholics, Quakers, nor Puritans were tolerated, though persecutions did not arise as in New England.

*See Charles Campbell's History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia; R. R. Howison's History of Virginia; Thomas Jefferson's Notes on Virginia.

35. When were the first colonial statutes enacted? What change took place in the government of the colony at nearly the same date? When did James I. die? Who then became King of England?

36. What was the character of the early laws of Virginia? The condition of the people politically? Who were voters? What was the established religion? What social distinction existed? How were the lands worked? What was the chief agricultural product of Virginia?

Class distinctions existed, society being divided into persons of "quality," or aristocrats, and the common people. A generous hospitality characterized all ranks. There were no towns of any size in Virginia, and no manufactories. There were few churches and no public schools. The plantations were worked by indented servants and slaves. Tobacco, the chief agricultural product, was largely exported. It was also used as the circulating medium at home. Indeed, tobacco sustained the colony, the material profit derived from it being the inducement to migration.

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS.

Under what British sovereign was the colonization of Virginia attempted? Chiefly by whom? Under what sovereign was it accomplished? Chiefly by whom? How long after the discovery of America was Jamestown founded? How long after the founding of St. Augustine? Write in chronological order a list of the names of the presidents and governors of Virginia as given in Chapter Fourth. Prepare a chronological table of the dated events given in Chapter Fourth.

NOTE. The pupil should copy and preserve in a blank book the various. lists, tables, etc., which he is directed to prepare. In recitation the blackboard may be used to exhibit his work.