tremely. Kieft, being very unpopular, was deposed, and Peter Stuyvesant (sti've-sant), the last and best of the Dutch governors in America, was appointed to the head of affairs in 1648. He administered with wisdom, but exercised almost absolute authority. Under his sway the settlements rapidly increased. The immigrants were characterized by industry and thrift. Their commerce was active and profitable.

The persecuted of every creed and clime were invited. to Manhattan, whither flocked a most heterogeneous population, destined to found the cosmopolitan city of New York. As many as eighteen dialects were spoken in New Amsterdam. The laws were published in Dutch, English, and French. Notwithstanding Stuyvesant's monarchical ideas of government, the people claimed such liberties as were enjoyed in New England, and a popular convention was called to demand the right of representation for the taxed. The spirit of democracy rapidly gained ground. The Dutch Reformed Church was the established religion, though, as above stated, all sects were tolerated.*

III. NEW SWEDEN.

64. Gustavus Adolphus, Sweden's greatest king, cherished a vast design of colonizing the New World. His plans were not fulfilled; but, after his death, the Swedish court authorized Peter Minuet, formerly director of New Netherland, to conduct a colony of Swedes and Finns to

See Brodhead's Hist. of New York, First Period; Irving's Knickerbocker's History of New York; also Paulding's Dutchman's Fireside, and Book of St. Nicholas.

What was Stuyvesant's character? What were the characteristics of the settlers? What languages were spoken in New Amsterdam? What was the established religion? What was the state of politics?

64. Who first led a colony of Swedes and Finns to America? Where did they settle? Where was Fort Christiana built? What was the character of the settlers? When was New Sweden conquered by the Dutch?

65. To whom did the British crown grant New Netherland? What change of name was made?

ous.

the shores of the Delaware. They built Fort Christiana in 1638, not far from the site of the Dutch fort Nassau. John Printz, governor of the colony, established himself in a fort of hemlock logs a few miles below the present site of Philadelphia. The Swedish settlements were very prosperThe settlers were Protestants, industrious, and hardy, and of liberal politics. The Dutch claimed the Delaware region, named by its new occupants New Sweden, and in 1655 Governor Stuyvesant conquered it. The whole number of Swedes and Finns that had immigrated was but 700; their descendants, now scattered over the United States, constitute perhaps one two-hundredth of our entire population, and are excellent citizens.

65. New Netherland, having swallowed up her weak rival New Sweden, was herself destined soon to fall under the supremacy of a stronger power. In 1664 Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the lands held by the Dutch in America, and the brave Stuyvesant, though reluctant, was obliged to yield to British arms. The name New Netherland was changed to New York.

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS.

When was St. Augustine founded? Port Royal? Jamestown? Plymouth? New Amsterdam? Fort Christiana? Who was the greatest man connected with the early history of New France? Name in chronological order the governors of New Amsterdam. Who was the greatest of these? What event distinguishes the years 1492, 1541, 1564, 1607? What events may be associated with the year 1620? What event distinguishes 1643? Prepare a chronological table of the events of Chapter Sixth.

Map Questions and Geographical Review.

In that once known Virginia? Where What states now What is the present

What state or states are wholly or partly embraced in the area once known as New France? as New Netherland? New Sweden? was French Florida? Spanish Florida? occupy nearly the same territory? name of Acadia? Of Port Royal in Acadia? What other Port Royal was there?

Did New England, as represented on this map, embrace more or less territory than New England now includes? On what river in Canada were the principal settlements? On what river were the chief settlements in New Netherland? What is the largest river in New England?

How did the boundaries of Canada in 1600 differ from the present boundaries? Where is the island of St. Croix? What towns did the French found on the St. Lawrence? For what is Mount Desert Island noted? What is the present name of Lake Iroquois? What lakes were discovered by Champlain? By what different names has the Hudson River been called? What is the present name of the South River? Locate Fort Nassau. Fort Orange. Fort Amsterdam. Fort Christiana.

What names given on the map were bestowed by the Spanish? The English? The French? The Dutch? The Swedes? The Indians? When was Lake Champlain discovered? What states now border on Lake Champlain ? What Indians dwelt upon the St. Lawrence? Where, when, and by whom was the first permanent settlement made in the United States? The second? The third? The fourth? The fifth? The sixth? What bays have been mentioned thus far in this history? What capes? What lakes? What islands? What countries of Europe had colonies within the present limits of the United States? How many of these now have colonies in North America?