OF THE

state were intimate. The franchise in several

nies was much restricted. The whole number of freemen or voters in Massachusetts was not over one-fifth of the population. In the same colony the citizens were under legal obligation to attend church.

The established religion was Puritanism, and forms of worship were conducted according to the Westminster Confession of Faith. There were, at first, two ministers to each church-a preacher and a pastor. No toleration was extended to other than the established church. Indeed, facts seem to justify the assertion of a recent able historian, that "New England Protestantism appealed to Liberty then closed the door against her." The customs of the Puritans were austere, amusements were curtailed, and all holidays abolished. Even the eating of mince-pies on Christmas was considered wicked. Industry and frugality were prevalent virtues.

The land was divided into numerous small freeholds, by which means personal thrift and enterprise were promoted. There were many towns and villages. The manufacture of thread and yarn, and of linen, cotton, and woolen cloth, was early begun. Ship-building was also carried on. The chief exports were furs, lumber, and fish. The chief agricultural products were maize, oats, rye, barley, hay, peas, squashes, and pumpkins. Apples, pears, quinces, plums, and cherries were raised. The circulating medium was either corn, beaver-skins, or bullets, and these were employed even to pay taxes. In trade with the Indians, Yankee-made wampum was used.

66

Among a people, a large portion of whom were wellinformed, several of whom were learned, and a few rich, there could not have been a dearth of books." Public education early received attention in each of the colonies.

Of the ballot?

Of attendance at religious service? Of intolerance? Of Puritan customs? How was the land divided? What articles were manufactured? What exported? What products were cultivated? What was the circulating medium? What was the literary condition of the colonists ? The state of education? When was Harvard College founded? Where was the first printing-press set up?

Harvard College was founded in the year 1638.

About the same time a printing-press was set up at Cambridge, the first in the United States.

"Within the first fifteen years (and there was never afterward any considerable increase from England) there came over 21,200 persons, or 4,000 families. Their descendants now are not far from 4,000,000. Each family has multiplied, on the average, to 1,000 souls. To New York and Ohio, where they constitute half the population, they have carried the Puritan system of free schools; and their example is spreading it through the civilized world."

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS.

Prepare a chronological table of the dated events given in Chapter. Fifth. Name the colonies of New England organized between 1620 and 1643. Which of these were consolidated in 1643? Name the governors and principal men of Plymouth. Of the Massachusetts Bay settlements. Of the Connecticut colony. Of New Haven. Of Providence and Rhode Island. Of Maine. What was the principal inducement that led emigrants to New England? In what respect did the laws, customs, and institutions of New England differ from those of Virginia? What Indian chiefs are mentioned in Chapters Fourth and Fifth? What Indian wars? NOTE.-Questions and directions like these, the ingenious teacher may multiply ad libitum.

Map Questions and Geographical Review.

What Indian tribes were located on the Atlantic coast? What tribes dwelt between 40° and 45°? What is the difference between a tribe and a family? Name the tribes belonging to the Iroquois family. With what tribe did the early Virginia settlers come in conflict? With what, the New England settlers? Locate the Andastes. The Abenakis. The Seminoles. The Powhatans. The LenniLenape. The Mohegans. The Pequots. To what tribe did Pocahontas belong? Massassoit?

,,,,,,、,

Where is Roanoke Island? What historical events are connected with it? What island lies near it? Where is Mount Desert Island? When and by whom was Newfoundland claimed for England? Where is Cape Fear? Where is Cape Cod? Who named Cape Cod? Who first settled at Cape Ann? Where is Chesapeake Bay? By

Locate the River of May. What is the modern name What was the Indian name of

whom was it first explored?
North River. South River.
of each of these rivers?
the James River?

Why is the Chickahominy mentioned in the text? In what latitude is St. Augustine? Where was Fort Caroline? Port Royal? When, why, and by whom was Florida so named? Virginia? New England? Maine? New Hampshire? How much territory did the Spanish claim under the name of Florida? What region was once known as North Virginia? What part of the American coast was surveyed by Smith? What territory was granted to the council for New England?

Locate Jamestown. Plymouth. Boston. Salem. Portsmouth. New Haven. What is the origin of the name Saybrook? By whom was Providence founded? What other towns named in these chapters are marked on the map on p. 44? What Virginia settlements did Sir Thomas Gates establish? Who were the proprietors of Laconia? Where was New Somerset? Where are the Bermudas? did the Pilgrims sail?

U. S.-5

Whence