very poor; the first stage-coach was not built until 1772, and but few of the rivers were crossed by bridges.

Six colonial colleges had already been established. The practice of law had risen to the dignity of a profession. In 1674 a medical college was started in Philadelphia. Franklin's famous discoveries in electricity won for American science the applause of the world. American art found a worthy votary in Copley, the only native artist of real merit before the Revolution. In literature, the notable men of the period were Franklin, who began his career as a writer in general literature, politics, and science; and Jonathan Edwards, a great American metaphysician.

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS.

Prepare a chronological table of the dated events mentioned in Chapter Tenth. Prepare a list of the battles and sieges of the French war. Name the British sovereigns in whose reign the events of Chapters Ninth and Tenth occurred. What nations held possessions in America when the conquest of New France was completed?

BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW.

Prepare a biographical sketch of Charles II. Of Edmund Andros. Of Cotton Mather. Of La Salle. Of William Penn. Of James Oglethorpe.

Of General James Wolfe. Of King Philip. Of Pontiac.
Edwards.

Of Jonathan

NOTE.-The American Cyclopedia and Dr. Thomas's Biographical Dictionary will be found useful in compiling these sketches.

Map Questions and Geographical Review.

When, where, and by whom was Maryland colonized? New Jersey? Pennsylvania? Delaware? The Carolinas? Georgia? When, and by whom was the Mississippi Valley claimed for France? Why was it named Louisiana? Why was Baltimore so named? When did Williamsburg become the capital of Virginia? What was the original name of New York City? What city was founded in 1682? What territory did the English gain by Queen Anne's War?

Who ex

What rivers were discovered by La Salle? plored the Upper Mississippi? What missions did the Jesuits establish on the lakes? Where, and by whom was Indiana first settled? Illinois? When was New Orleans founded? Who built Fort Rosalie? Where? What fort was built in 1701?

Locate Sault Ste. Marie. Michillimacinac. Fort Frontenac. Fort St. Joseph. Fort Miamis. Fort Niagara. Fort George. Fort Edward. By whom, and why were forts Presq' Isle, Le Boeuf, and Venango built? Where was Fort Pitt located? What was it first named? What city now covers its site?

What were the boundaries of the British possessions in America before the conquest of New France? After the conquest? In the year 1763?

What Indian tribes had been destroyed before the year 1740? Locate the Cherokees. The Creeks. The Choctaws. The Chickasaws. The Delawares. The Ottawas. The Sacs. The Wyandottes. What tribe was south of Lake Michigan? West of the Wabash?

See page 82. Locate Fort Ticonderoga. Fort William Henry. Crown Point. Lake George. Fort Ann. What is the length of Lake Champlain?

See page 85. In what direction from Quebec is Point Levi? Beauport? Orleans Island? Wolf's Cove? The plains of Abraham? What streams flow into the St. Lawrence not far from Quebec?

U. S.-8

CHAPTER ELEVENTH.

THE REVOLUTION.

1763-1783.

HE isolated position of America, the tendency of her governments and anti-monarchical institutions, the prevailing customs and opinions of her self-reliant people, inevitably destined her for separate national existence. Causes less natural hastened severance from the mother country. Among these causes were unjust legislation in England, and the despotic administration of British officials in the colonies.

113. George III. * had ascended the British throne. An exacting ministry, seconded by an aristocratic parliament, were in power; and the Americans, subjected to multiplied oppressions, were moving faster than they or their tyrants dreamed toward revolution and independence.

114. Notwithstanding the impoverished condition of the colonies and the local distress caused by the late wars, England proposed to lighten her own heavy debt by raising a revenue in America. A vigorous attempt was made to enforce the odious Navigation laws in their utmost strin

*See Macfarlane's History of George III.; Jesse's Memoirs of Life and Reign of George III.; Thackeray's Lectures on the Four Georges.

QUESTIONS.-112. What were the causes of the Revolutionary War? 113. What was the character of the king, ministry, and parliament in power?

114. Why did England wish to tax the colonists?