ing of larger interests in the visitors to the park; certain schools or societies might become interested in specific departments and thus a new and ennobling influence introduced into lives to help free them from the curse of sordid commercialism that is growing sadly too rife on every hand. San Antonio is the home of a post of the United States Army-Fort San Houston-and in the heart of the city is the arsenal, both of which practically add much to the park area of the city. Fort San Houston is the most extensive army post in the United States, I believe. A brigadier-general with full staff is located here, for this is headquarters for the Department of Texas. At present there are a regiment each of infantry and cavalry and a battery of artillery. Extensive improvements and additions are being carried on, and altogether the government has expended over three million dollars upon this post. The headquarters are known as the Quadrangle. The entrance is through a sally-port and the interior is found to be a beautiful park where tame deer are grazing and various exquisitely-plumaged water-fowl are enjoying themselves in their natural element. In the centre of the quadrangle is a clock tower from the top of which the most perfect of all views of San Antonio may be obtained. On the extensive parade-grounds lower post there are weekly dressparades and daily concerts by the military band which afford pleasure to the many people who can spare the time to be present. at the GEORGE WHARTON JAMES. Pasadena, California. IN THE GROWTH OF CRIME. BY MAYNARD Butler, Special Correspondent for THE ARENA at Berlin, Prussia, N THE year 1905, before the results of the census taken in that year were made known, Germany had six million, five hundred thousand self-supporting women; of whom one million, five hundred thousand were married, and in 1901, 20.7 per cent. of the children born alive died before they were a year old! In Berlin alone, in two of the smaller industries, book-binding and box-making, out of 272 children born to 119 mothers, one hundred and thirty-five died when a few months old. But it is not only physical destruction that alarms Germany. The reports of inspectors as to the mental and moral capacity of the fifty and a fraction percentage of the children of workingwomen, who do live to grow up, reveal yet more terrible facts. "I write," says one of them in a State Report of the conditions in a portion of the country in which he himself resides, "in no spirit of pessimism as to the status of our children of the working-classes but after association with the sons and daughters of mothers who were daily in the manufacturies of one of our towns important in textile industries, I am bond to confess that I tremble for the future of these young people, and for the future of the children whom they are to bring into our German existence. They are insolent, lawless, absolutely devoid of every trace of the softening influences of a mother; they are offensive, immodest, coarse and lewd. . . . What kind of workmen and workwoman do our manufacturies expect such boys and girls to become? What will our social and ethical standards, nay, the very foundations of our Empire be, when such immoralities, such license, such demoralization of all that makes life worth living, are now being perpetuated in thousands of our German youth?" It is to be remembered that Germany's textile industries are her chief industries, and that in them alone more than 375,000 girls under sixteen years of age are annually employed. These are the conditions in Germany, a country that boasts of its compulsory education laws, its compulsory military service, its minute scrutiny of human life in general; and which is situated in the middle of the Continent of Europe. Now let us turn to the other side of the world, to Japan, and hear what a professor of law in the University of Lyons tells us of the women in the country of "the rising sun." "In Japan," says Professor Gounard in his invaluable work, La Femme dans l' Industrie, “the situation of the working-woman, as that of the woman in general, is very sad. A recent report establishes the fact that more than half the labor of the whole country is performed by women. They are dock-laborers; hitched together by eights and tens, they drag the heavy flat-boats, they swelter in the warehouses, they unload coal in the harbors." And if we turn back to Professor Gounard's own country, we find him quoting from a labor report which asserts that in the silk manufacturies of Midi, about forty thousand young girls “grow up enclosed within the confines of the factory buildings.' While from the western world, from the United States, comes the cry: "The married women employed in mills, warehouses and shops, during the past twenty years, have virtually given up bringing live children into the world.” The extraordinary decrease in the birth-rate has aroused the attention of statisticians; but the number of the children of working-women in the United States, who, being born alive, die in infancy, or, surviving infancy, die before they are twelve years old has yet to be computed. But can any student of the trend of modern commerce doubt for one moment that industry, if it is to proceed at its present pace, requires the skilled as well as the unskilled labor of women, from the Orient to the Antipodes? On the twenty-ninth of July there was published in London an entreaty from Canada for England's aid in furnishing skilled workers, in the course of which the Toronto branch of the Manufacturers' Association stated that in Ontario alone there was employment for “25,000 more work-girls," of whom "10,000 could easily be absorbed by Toronto." And that "so great was the suffering caused by the one-sided policy" of the Emmigration Bureau in confining its attention to agricultural and railway laborers, that if pursued it would eventually, inevitably, throw the splendid markets of the "rapidly developing Northwest into the hands of the United States." How, then, to reconcile the universal necessity with the universal, deplorable results, is the question. How shall every civilized and many a partially civilized country of the globe preserve to itself, before it is too late, the highest qualities of bodily stamina, mental superiority, individual character, national standards, and national endurance, which are threatened by this new economic factor, The Labor of Women? systems are not yet fossilized and methods are comparatively flexible, a combination of State Control, with State Privilege, which shall convert the Labor of Women into a force of national conservation, instead of allowing it to crystallize into a truly formidable force of national deterioration, which it is fast becoming; a combination of responsibility with opportunity, which, while applying specifically and immediately to those two powerful commercial-industrial countries, shall yet serve in general as other ideas originating in those two countries have heretofore more than once served, in human steps forward-as a model for all other lands. And why? First, because, owing to the longtested custom of coeducation in the public schools, state and municipal, and in many of the colleges and universities, salaried men and women in the United States and Canada are on a far more equal financial footing than are the paid inhabitants of other countries; Secondly, because skilled labor, performed by women, in the United States and Canada, is far in excess of that performed by the women of other countries; And thirdly, because by their early adoption of coeducation, the United States and Canada unconsciously touched the crux of this industrial problem, which now confronts the world and thereby, so to speak, have the start of the world in the solution of it. It was said by the President of the United States in an address to the students of a State institution some months ago, that progress could not permanently consist in the abandonment of physical labor; but that it did consist in the development of physical labor so that it should "demand the union of a trained mind in a trained body"; and that belief is embedded in the character of the people of North America. A measure, therefore, which commends itself to that wholesome conviction amongst them is certain, in time, to be accepted by them and carried into thorugh effect. Hence, the suggestion that women of every class should be compelled to serve the State will neither shock nor affront the inhabitants of the United States and the Dominion of Canada; nor will the State be surprised at a proposition which involves reciprocity on its part, for both citizens and government know that the unification of essentials in great nations is a vital element of strength. the manner in which owners of chemical works and foundries throughout the world now divide their men into alternating groups of day-workers and nightworkers. In the case of the year of universal, obligatory, unpaid service, the State would be the gainer, and to a remarkable degree. A vast impetus of human energy which now goes nearly if not entirely to waste, would be consolidated and made reproductive. For every public position which has just been named there are at the present moment in the United States and Canada thousands of eligible women; and thousands more would welcome, as a sign from Heaven, the duty of preparing themselves to become thus eligible. Every intelligent woman seeks responsibility; every intelligent man expects it; let the State combine these two ideas, and an army of civic rank would arise, as valuable for the internal welfare of the commonwealth as is its uniformed militia for its outward weal. Nay, more valuable; for in many a portion of both the United States and Canada the militia would never be called into requisition, if the subjective element embodied in its feminine population were set free to exert its strength in the exercise of its highest instead of its lowest powers. I venture, then, to suggest, with the assurance of being understood, that the Federal Union and the Dominion of Canada should exact of every woman, whether native or immigrant, over the age of twenty-one, one year of unpaid public service, this obligatory service to become one of the assets of the commonwealth by being devoted to its public institutions of every kind; that the Federal Union and the Dominion should bestow the right to vote upon all women born in the United States and Canada, at the age of twenty-one; and upon naturalized women-citizens after a consecutive residence of a fixed term of years, that term to be sufficiently long to safeguard the State against ignorant or degrading contingencies; that the State should declare all women born in the United States and Canada eligible to all public positions, save those of President of the United States, Governors of the single States and Prime Minister of Canada; that they should not be officers and soldiers in the army, nor officers and sailors in the navy; that they should not be ambassadors, foreign ministers or consul-generals; but that they should be members of cabinets, secretaries in embassies and legations, attachés of every grade, consuls and vice-consuls; that the Federal Union and the Dominion of Canada should compel manufacturers, mine-owners, cotton, tobacco, rice, sugarplanters, mill-owners, shop-keepers and employers of every kind, to divide their employées into alternating groups of morning and afternoon workers, after she In the case of the franchise, no one who knows the two countries can for one moment doubt that all those highest powers just mentioned would in the women native to the United States and Canada be unified into a dignified, graceful, helpful whole, by the privilege of the ballot. And by the division of employées in industry and commerce into groups of morning-workers and afternoon-workers, the poison-spot involved in woman-labor would be probed and healed; for, in so large a majority of cases as to make it well-nigh universally true, it is lack of time which she can call her own that forces the married employée to neglect her children; lack of time which can call her own that ruins her health and theirs; it is lack of time which she can call her own, and the consequent habit of living for and in the moment, that makes the young girl employée slatternly, apathetic, excitedly rude, degraded. We all know what haste and irritation of mind, what weariness and strain of nerve, a pressure of duties from behind, a load of duties looming up in front of one, cause; but few of us know, and some of us have difficulty in even imagining what the gnawing of insufficient or ill-chosen food is; what the misery of seeing our children's bodies being depleted, their affections blunted, their characters tainted, from day to day, while we have not time, and cannot seek opportunity, to prevent it. "Il appartient aujourd'hui à tout le monde, à la femme autant qu'à l'homme, de s'intruire tonchaut les conditions économiques on nous ivous... les femmes penvent et doivent s' interesser à l'économie politique," are the words of a famous French jurist of our time: "Les femmes doivent s' interesser à l'économie politique"-they should, indeed! do. And the State should see to it that they There are women employed in the United States and in Canada, in woolen, cotton and silk mills; sometimes, in Minnesota Northern Wisconsin and British Columbia, in lumber-yards and sawmills; in oyster-beds, in hay-fields, ricefields, on sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee plantations; on fruit-farms, dairy-farms, in packing-houses for the export of canned fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, fish, oysters and confectionery; in shoe-factories, watch-factories-in Massachusetts and Illinois by the thousand; in box, soap, button, glove, straw-hat, canechair and cigar-factories; in the manufacture of passementerie, under-clothing, military, naval and railway uniforms, caps, men's suits, cloaks, and children's clothing; in steam laundries, sewingmachine warehouses, bakeries and railway refreshment rooms; as clerks, bookkeepers, cashiers, book-binders, printers, typewriters, librarian-assistants, churchalmoners; in customs-houses, ports of quarantine, post-offices, telegraph and telephone bureaus; as matrons, attendants and nurses, in hospitals, daynurseries, workhouses, soldiers' and sailors' homes, industrial homes, government, military, and naval nursing homes, orphanages, first-aid stations, police stations, city bath-houses, public play-grounds, reformatories, prisons, asylums, poor-houses, dispensaries, associated charity bureaus, hotels; as independent owners of stock-farms, fruitfarms, dairy-farms, cattle-ranches, proprietors of employment bureaus, teachers' agencies, stenography and typewriting, agencies-some of these on a very large scale theatrical and literary agencies. All these exclusive of cooks' house-servants, nurse-maids, kindergarten and nursery-governesses; and again, exclusive of women professors and instructors in universities, colleges, public and private schools of every grade, gymnastic institutions-of which every large city has two or three special schools for Indians, classes for the training of young mothers, institutions for the teaching of elocution and dramatic art, sloyd, manual labor, cooking, commercial law; and yet again, exclusive of those engaged in professions, as physicians, lawyers, preachers, actresses and singers. It was just said that the United States and Canada by their early adoption of coeducation throughout all grades of schools, and in many colleges and universities, had, so to speak, the start of the world in the solution of the problem of woman in industry; and the preponderance in the United States alone of this method of instruction upholds the assertion. Of the undergraduate students enrolled in colleges and universities in 1903, 62.5 per cent. were in coeducational institutions; in private schools, 45 per cent., or nearly one-half; while in the secondary and elementary public schools, 95 per cent. were enrolled in mixed classes. In the public day-schools alone, exclusive of all other State-supported |