of an agricultural college, and that the land appropriated by Congress for the latter purpose, be taken charge of. Accordingly, the Legislature accepted the donation the same year, and ordered that the proceeds of the land sales should be invested in United States bonds or South Carolina six per cents.2

In 1872 the Agricultural and Mechanical College was established at Orangeburg in connection with the Claflin University. It was to be supported on the interest of the proceeds of the land sales. Its income decreased from $11,508 in 1872 to $7,500 in 1876. In 1879 it was enacted that "the State Treasurer should issue to the trustees of the University of South Carolina a certificate of State stock in the sum of $191,800, bearing interest at six per cent., * * to be held instead of the Agricultural College bonds,

*

* * *

heretofore used by the Provision was made at

financial agent for general State purposes."4 the same time for a college for white students, in addition to the one for colored students, to be established and maintained out of the same fund. As far as necessary the grounds and property of the University of South Carolina were to be used for the new college, which was estab lished in 1880. Up to 1881, when the appropriations became confused with those for the State university, the Agricultural College had received from the permanent fund $65,516. The interest for the suc ceeding seven years would amount to $80,556.

EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION.

The Constitution of 1868 exempts from taxation all buildings and premises actually occupied by colleges and institutions of learning."

SUMMARY OF GRANTS.

We thus find the idea of State aid running through all the educational history of South Carolina, from 1710 to the present time. The policy has been generally that of annual appropriations. Frequent instances of public assistance occur among the colonial free schools and the colleges of the early period, while the Military Academy has received regular appropriations. But since the foundation of South Carolina College, the education of the State has had its center there, and there the State has been most liberal in its support.

1 Art. X, sec. 9; Poore's Charters and Constitutions, 1661.

2 Statutes at Large, XIV, 169.

3 Acts of Assembly, 172.

+ Ibid., 86.

5 Resources, etc., of South Carolina, 488.

"No appropriation is given for 1873-74.

'Art. IX, sec. 5; Poore's Charters and Constitution, 1659.

APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1887-88.1

South Carolina College.

South Carolina Military Academy.

Claflin University

The appropriations of State money may be thus summarized:

South Carolina College..

South Carolina Military Academy

South Carolina Medical College

College of Charleston

$37,000 20, 400

5,000

$62,400

$1,748, 708. 28

1,044, 291. 07

30,000.00

4,000.00

$2,826, 999. 35

GEORGIA.2

EARLY EDUCATION.

The earliest evidence of the attitude of Georgia toward education, as shown in her laws, is found in the Constitution of 1777,3 which directs that "schools shall be erected in each county, and supported at the general expense of the State." Six years later one thousand acres of land were given to each county for the support of schools, and an academy was established at Augusta, and endowed with public land, not to exceed two thousand acres. These were the first steps in State education.

5

UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.

4

8

The University of Georgia traces its origin to an act of 1784, laying out the counties of Franklin and Washington, by which forty thousand acres of land were reserved for the endowment of a college. In the following year the university was chartered. In 1801 it received a private donation of six hundred and thirty acres of land near what is now the city of Athens, and there, soon afterward, it opened its doors. It was at first thought best to lease the lands of the university and apply the rent to its support; but, as this proved unprofitable, the lands were sold, payment being secured by bond and mortgage. These bonds and mortgages were deposited in the State treasury, and a warrant issued for two-thirds of the amount they covered. As the State did

'Letter from J. H. Rice, State Superintendent of Education, July 20, 1888.

2 See Education in Georgia, by Charles Edgeworth Jones. (Circular of Information No. 4, 1888, Bureau of Education.)

3 Art. LIV, Poore: Charters and Constitutions, 383.

4 White Statistics of Georgia, 68.

5 Marbury and Crawford's Digest, 134.

6 Stevens: History of Georgia, II, 353. Cobb's Digest, 1082.

8 Stevens, 363. Centennial Catalogue of the State University, 1.

not redeem this warrant it was regarded as a permanent debt, and eight per cent. interest on it was paid to the university.

This was the origin of the annuity of eight thousand dollars which the university has regularly received since 1815.1

Other benefactions have from time to time been received. Loans by the State to the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars have been made, and various minor appropriations amount to seven thousand five hundred dollars. Permission was given in 1806 to raise three thousand dollars by a lottery.2 In 1830 one of the college buildings was destroyed by fire, and to replace this, six thousand dollars were annually appropriated until 1841.3 In 1885 sixty-five thousand dollars were granted to establish a technological school in connection with the university.1

The donations of money made by the State since 1815 form a total of $722,500.

GEORGIA MILITARY INSTITUTE.

6

The Georgia Military Institute was established in 1851 at Marietta.5 By the terms of the charter its property was exempt from taxation. The State set aside two thousand dollars annually for the support and education of not more than ten cadets, and at least $29,681.87 was appropriated in money, in the period before 1865. The institute disappears toward the close of the War, and in 1870 its lands were granted to the Marietta Male Academy.7

MEDICAL COLLEGES.

At its foundation in 1833, the Medical College of Georgia received from the State ten thousand dollars in money and thirty lots in Augusta, and the aid subsequently received is estimated at thirty-five thousand dollars. In 1873 it became the medical department of the State university.10

9

The Southern Botanico-Medical College has received ten thousand dollars from the State," and the Atlanta Medical College fifteen thou sand dollars.12

Stevens, 2. Laws of 1815, 103. Cobb's Digest, 1088.

2 Laws of 1806, 9.

3 Laws of 1830, 4.

4 Laws of 1884-85, 69.

5 Laws of 1851-52, 298.

• Ibid., 6. Additional cadets were supported in 1860 and 1861.

"Laws of 1870, 455.

8 Laws of 1833, 130. Cobb's Digest, 892.

9 White: Statistics of Georgia, 81. Laws of 1860, 66.

10 Centennial Catalogue of University, 5.

11 Laws of 1851-52, 300. Laws of 1855-56, 279.

12 Laws of 1857, 22.

Each of these colleges was in return to educate a certain number of students' free.

ATLANTA UNIVERSITY.

This institution, founded in 1869 for the education of the blacks, has had since 1874 an annual appropriation of eight thousand dollars from the State. Eight thousand dollars was also granted in 1870. This appropriation is now suspended until such time as the institution shall cease to educate white students.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE FUND.

The share of Georgia in the land granted for agricultural colleges was two hundred and seventy thousand acres. The donation was accepted in 1866,1 but it was not till 1872 that the Georgia State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was established at Athens. It is "a distinct organization, complete in all its parts, but still being an integral part of the University of Georgia."2 It received fifteen thou sand dollars from the State in 1875.3

Another college was founded in the same year, the North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega. Two thousand dollars of the annual income from the sales of land were set apart for its support, and twenty-four thousand five hundred dollars additional has since been appropriated.

In 1874 the citizens of Milledgeville subscribed two thousand dollars annually to the payment of teachers in a college to be established in that town, and in 1879 the State chartered Middle Georgia Agricultural College there.5 This college gets annually $1,500 from the landscrip fund and $1,000 from the rental of the State buildings at Milledgeville. Additional appropriations have also been received to the amount of $8,500.6

7

Other agricultural colleges have been established at Cuthbert, Thomasville, and Hamilton, all partly supported from the land-scrip fund. This fund was, in 1876, $243,000.8

All the above colleges are considered as branches of the State University. They have received assistance from the State to the amount of $57,000.

EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION.

By an act of 1850 exemption from taxation, hitherto confined to the University of Georgia, was extended to all other colleges."

Laws of 1865-66, 5.

2 Centennial Catalogue of University, 4.

3 Laws of 1875, 11.

4 Report of Trustees of University, 10.

5 Laws of 1878-79, 91.

6 Letter from the Secretary, D. H. Hill, Jr., December 2, 1888.

"Laws of 1878-79, 97. Laws of 1880-81, 100.

Speech by Hon. A. J. Peeler, Austin, Tex., 1877.

9 Cobb's Digest, 1083, 1085, 1096, note; Laws of 1849-50, 379.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS.

Besides the article in the Constitution of 1777, already referred to, we find in that of 17981 the following:

"The arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or more seminaries of learning; and the Legislature shall, as soon as conveniently may be, give such further donations and privileges to those already established as may be necessary to secure the objects of their institution; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, at their next session, to provide effectual measures for the improvement and permanent security of the funds and endowments of such institutions."

The Constitution of 18652 reads thus:

"The General Assembly shall have power to appropriate money for the promotion of learning and science, and to provide for the education of the people; and shall provide for the early resumption of the regular exercises of the University of Georgia, by the adequate endowment of the same."

SUMMARY.

Georgia has pursued a consistent policy of State aid to higher education. Institutions for literary, scientific, professional, military, industrial, and technical education have received frequent assistance from the State. The policy of utilizing the public domain for the endowment of higher institutions of learning, put into legislative form by Georgia in 1784, marks a departure in the history of American State education, and for this Georgia deserves much credit.

The direct assistance of the State, exclusive of land endowments and scholarships, may thus be summarized:

Liberal provision for higher education in Florida was made by the United States. Two townships of land were granted in 1823,* and in the act admitting the State to the Union there were set apart "two en

1Art. IV, sec. 13; Poore, 395. Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1867,100. Art. II, sec. 5,3; Poore, 406.

3 See Education in Florida, George Gary Bush. (Circular of Information No. 7, 1888, Bureau of Education.)

4U. S. Statutes at Large, III, 756.