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The book has suggestions of greatest value for parent and teacher and will be read with interest and profit even by many who do not accept its Freudian hypothesis.

NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE College

ERNEST R. GROVES

New York: Mac

Dispensaries, Their Management and Development. By MICHAEL M. DAVIS, JR., and ANDREW R. WARNER. millan Co., 1918. Pp. ix+438. $2.25.

The object of this book is described as threefold. First, "to depict briefly the history and present extent of dispensaries in the United States." Second, "to present the practical details which all people, including superintendents, physicians, nurses, and social workers who are working in dispensaries, particularly need to know." Third, "to present the dispensary as a form of organization not only for rendering efficient medical service to the people, but to benefit the medical profession by stabilizing the economic position of the average physician."

In other words, the central problems of the book are: What service can be best rendered by dispensaries, and how can they perform that function efficiently? Happily the authors combine with their answers to these questions the data on which their conclusions rest and a clear indication of their method of procedure.

From their study of the dispensaries themselves, Dr. Davis and Dr. Warner found that some are primarily charitable agencies, caring for the "indigent sick"; others have as their chief purpose the teaching of medical students; a third group is concerned with the prevention of disease; and finally there are commercial dispensaries like that of the Mayo brothers.

From their study of dispensary patients, they found that while many are below the poverty level, a still greater proportion is not dependent except for the cost of medical care.

An examination of medical service at large shows a shortage of general practitioners, inadequate professional equipment for the majority of physicians, and a lack of specialists outside the cities.

On the basis of these facts, the authors recommend for cities: health centers, doing primarily preventive work, district dispensaries for ambulatory patients who cannot secure medical care elsewhere, and teaching dispensaries for the training of medical students. For rural districts they believe in the traveling dispensary. For small towns they

urge local dispensaries, to be visited at regular intervals by specialists whom no single town could support.

The financial aspect of the dispensary movement is stated in the following words: "The central principle by which the cost of better medical service for the whole community can be financed is the distribution of the burden of illness so that this does not fall upon an individual or family at the very moment when their ability to bear it is less than usual. Such a distribution of the burden is not inconsistent with the maintenance of individual responsibility for self-support, or for the payment, by the individual, of at least his fair, average share of the total community's burden. The methods by which the distribution can be achieved are either by mutual insurance or by public taxation. Both methods are likely to be followed, each to cover a portion of the field." Altogether this is a very useful book, not merely for the specific information which it contains, but also because it is a sample of genuinely scientific work.

GOUCHER COLLEGE

STUART A. QUEEN

Junk Dealing and Juvenile Delinquency. An Investigation Made for the Juvenile Protective Association of Chicago. By HARRY H. GRIGG and GEORGE E. HAYNES. Text by ALBERT E. WEBSTER. Chicago, 1919. Pp. 60. $0.25.

This investigation consisted of (1) local reports from police and school authorities, boys' clubs, and other agencies, (2) reports from other cities, (3) a detailed study of one hundred delinquent boys with specific reference to their experience in "junking," (4) the "trailing" of junk dealers to discover their transactions with children. The conclusions of the investigators are summarized in the following words:

The retail junk business in Chicago is a most serious factor in juvenile delinquency. Dealers repeatedly violate both state laws and city ordinances in their relations with children. Junk men not only readily accept the fruits of the boys' illegal acts, but frequently urge them to steal.

On the basis of concrete data presented, a number of recommendations are offered. They include: (1) vigorous prosecution of offending junk dealers, (2) the elimination of "written consent" of parents for children to sell junk, (3) collection of junk along railroad rights of way by the companies themselves, (4) "municipalization" of the junk business, just as many cities have taken over the collection and disposal of garbage. STUART A. QUEEN

GOUCHER COLLEGE

RECENT LITERATURE

NOTES AND ABSTRACTS

Lumping versus Individualism. As little societies coalesce into a big society; as tribal and local cultures vanish before the spread of a general culture; as men are drawn into organizations and more departments of human life are regulated, less play is given to individuality. All of the same group or class are lumped together, the differences between them being ignored. Industry, manners, morals, laws, policies are fitted not to the individual, but to the average. Since most men vary appreciably from the average, most men experience a certain discomfort under the social régime. Factory industry subjects the worker to an impersonal régime, and the machine-made product, too, is impersonal. In warfare joint action triumphs over individual action and the tyranny of the average is therefore well-nigh absolute. Imperial governments check the aspirations of small nationalities. The religious bigot who wishes to impose one form of religion on everyone is a victim of the lumping fallacy. The educator, too, is often guilty of checking human diversity. The classification and instruction of children in our schools are regulated without taking sufficient account of individual variation of ability. The poor are too often regarded as a class whose condition is due to one general cause, while a close acquaintance with the dependent discloses a great variety of characters and causes. In time it is seen that equal treatment of unequals is a crying injustice. As the odious old classifications of people are forgotten men dare make new classifications based on need, service, or social value. The finer these classifications, the less is the sacrifice to the average.— Edward A. Ross, International Journal of Ethics, October, 1919. O. B. Y.

State Morality. It is generally presumed that the national state, which is regarded as a historical formation with its independent life, is practically exempt from the moral laws. If states in their mutual relations are actuated by evil motives which we condemn in individuals, they do not incur the same severe censure as the individual. We should bear in mind that what is wrong, dishonorable, sinful for the individual man is equally so for the group. Since the state is only a tool, an institution which men create under given circumstances, the organ or the servant of the state should come under the moral law and should be held responsible for what it does. It is the community-egotism and overestimation of self that leads states to discard moral laws. The conception of the state's responsibility is vague because the sense of responsibility in the nation is weakened by being distributed among so many and partly because of patriotic feelings. The state has the same moral duty as the individual not to violate another's right or act inequitably toward anyone. State societies cannot possibly express the highest idealism in human endeavor, unless they likewise represent the highest grade of morality.-Bredo Morgenstierne, The Quarterly Review, July, 1919. C. N.

The Effects of the War on Moral Values. At the beginning of the war there seemed to be two great and dominant influences in America, namely, materialism and the "fetish of efficiency." "War is a moral teacher" and it has taught us that there are higher motives and objects for which we should strive than material success or efficiency to effect it. By the war our altruism-an unselfish desire to aid our struggling fellow-men across the sea-has been increased and intensified. The unity of purpose in a great cause resulted in a broader and deeper comradeship among all classes of the people. Men who side by side faced death on the battlefield estimated one another from the standpoint of the fundamental elements of character, courage, patience, modesty, self-sacrifice, and forgetfulness. Experiences in comradeship enlarged one's views of the nobleness which exists in men of every station. Unparal

leled fortitude, unconceivable experiences, infused into the individual idealism. Our standards in judging our fellow-men will be those of moral worth rather than how much they are worth. We have come to realize that we have valued too highly our individualism. The war has enlarged our moral conception of what life really should be.Edward O. Otis, The Journal of Sociologic Medicine, June, 1919.

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C. N.

The Challenge of Peace to the Educational Policy of the Church.-The word 'peace" is used as a euphemism for the present condition of the world. If by peace we mean a general condition of humanity in which people are busy in reproductive labor, reasonably contented and prosperous, and not spending a large part of their energy merely struggling against others, then we are yet some months, and very likely years, from a condition of peace. This condition constitutes the main element in the challenge of the present time. Two principal sources of unrest and struggle have appeared in recent years. The first may be called the problem of aristocracy, if that term be taken broadly enough. There is, on the one hand, the efforts of individuals, groups, classes, nations, and races to gain, increase, or maintain power over the destinies of other groups, industrial, social, religious, national, or racial without the consent of the latter, and on the other hand a resistance to such domination, which is increasing in power and violence. The second evident source of disturbance and conflict throughout the world is that of economic conditions. The United States income-tax returns afford food for thought. Seven thousand five hundred and eight persons or families reported an income of $50,000 or more for the year 1914, and 19,104 persons reported an income of $50,000 or more for the year 1917. But only about 4 per cent of the men of the United States reported an income of $2,500 or more. There is good authority for the statement that 95 per cent of the wealth of the country is in the hands of 5 per cent of the population. Manifestations of discontent with the situation are world-wide, ubiquitous, and ominous. Christianity has from the beginning taught the principle of the fatherhood of God which implies the brotherhood of man. If the doctrine of the brotherhood of man were practically and universally applied to human relations all fundamental conflicts between men could be peacefully worked out. An educational policy for the adequate application of this theory of life to humanity's needs would seem to involve two elements: (1) definition in plain terms of the specific meaning of the brotherhood of man as applied to the fundamental problems of today; (2) a policy as to the means and methods of educating humanity in the religious faith and practice of human brotherhood in these specific applications (a program of social reform is outlined by the author.)—E. Albert Cook, The Biblical World, September, 1919. O. B. Y.

War-Time Gains for the American Family.-From the earliest beginnings of history there has been a conflict between the interests of the family and the demands of war. The family in Europe has suffered severely from the effects of the war, yet it has come through the great upheavals less disturbed directly in status than the seemingly more powerful institutions of government and property. In this country the war has not had the same degree of destructive influence as in those countries which bore the burden of the struggle. Our homes as a mass have not been disturbed and there is little change in the balance between the sexes. Because the American boys served a comparatively short time in the army they still retain the attitudes and values of civil life. The status of the American family has been affected by certain economic, political, social, and religious forces of which five lines of influence stand out conspicuously: first, the establishment of new standards of public health, particularly with regard to the health of children and to venereal disease; second, the establishment of national prohibition; third, changes in standards of living, including wages, hours, and housing; fourth, the greater entrance of women into industry and responsible public service; fifth, the drive toward equality. Yet the greatest gain is the hope and deep resolve that war itself shall cease. War has disregarded the family under the plea of a higher necessity; it has habitually trampled upon many of the family sanctities; it has lowered birth-rates and loosened marriage ties; it has often quenched in death the family life so happily begun. For these reasons the demand that wars shall cease receives its deepest urge from the interests of the family.-James H. Tufts, International Journal of Ethics, October, 1919. O. B. Y.

Der Einfluss der männlichen Geistesarbeit auf die biologische Höherentwicklung der Menschheit.-The organization of man's brain occupies an exceptional position in the history of evolution. When a certain stage of perfection has been attained, the further evolution of man has almost exclusively been confined to the brain even at the expense of other parts of his organism. The biological significance of this points to three possibilities, namely, further development, stagnancy, or decadence. Spencer represents the optimists who believe in an onward evolution of the brain. But there is no proof for this point of view. A number of modern scholars like De Candolle, Schallmayer, etc., hold that human intelligence is in stagnancy or even decadence. Physiologically it can be proved that intellectual work has a bad influence upon the sexual function of mankind. This is more profound with men than women. There is an inner connection between the brain and the reproductive organism; both stand in an insoluble conflict and underlie the great tragedy of life. There is not enough respect for man's function as father. The only solution of the problem lies in protection of men from overstrain, especially in youth and in an early marriage. There are signs that man's mental capacities are decreasing more rapidly than those of women, as the statistics referring to the Paris and Berlin situation among mentally deficient children have shown. Humanity cannot continue this piling up of dead intellectual wealth at the expense of the living men. No generation has the right to consume the mental capacity inherited from the previous one. Organic development of the brain, early marriage, and reform of school life are needed in order to realize a progressive development of intelligence.-Dr. Vaerting, Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft, October, 1918. J. H.

Caste and the New Indian Constitution.-The reformed Indian constitution through the Southborough Committee has given communal representation to the following classes: the landlords and commercialists, the Europeans and Eurasians, the Sikhs and Indian Christians, in addition to the Muslims, who already enjoyed that privilege. Many argued to make caste the basis of representation for the simple reason that it is a social institution outside of politics. It is to be remembered that there are about 164,000,000 Hindus in British India who are divided into many castes and subcastes and that about 25 per cent of them are regarded by the others as "untouchables" or "unapproachables." Such a classification naturally does not make for union or progress in social legislation because each group of castes has special duties and morals of its own. What is right for one caste or group of castes may be wrong for another caste or group. Consequently, there exists many conflicting moral standards as each caste or group of castes looks to the public opinion only of their own caste-fellows. The caste walls, however, are steadily becoming weaker and only with their complete collapse can the social, moral, and material progress of India become possible. St. Nihal Singh, The London Quarterly Review, July, 1919. C. N.

Social Control in Russia Today.-Conflicting conclusions about the Russian situation grow out of the conflict between the once privileged and oppressed classes, which represent 7 per cent and 93 per cent, respectively, of the Russian population. The privileged class formerly held complete control of Russia. Of this class 1 per cent, mainly Germans, furnished the organizing and managerial ability. When war was declared these Germans returned to Germany, leaving the economic order of Russia paralyzed for want of leadership. The effect of this paralysis eventually led to the downfall of the army and of the old social order. The old forces of social control were, for a time, shattered. The village mirs, however, soon formed district, provincial, and municipal soviets which joined with the Workmen's Councils and became the all-Russian National Soviet. This has been the only genuine binding force in Russia since the autocracy went down. The Bolshevists, as a party, captured this organization and stamped their formulas upon it. The success of their program grew out of the revolutionary spirit which was fostered for generations by the oppression of the privileged class. The actual force for social control, however, is the soviet structure behind the Bolshevist party. While this is a revolutionary force, it must be judged on its merits in the light of Russia's history, rather than our own. Considering it from the standpoint of the 93 per cent that has been downtrodden, we get a better appreciation of this new attempt at social control.-Raymond Robins, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1919. F. A. C.

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