and vital facts of American life which testify to the sound health and real pogress of our people during the years since our nation was born.

The chapter on "Rural America stresses matters on which city dwellers are most ignorant, and explains the causes of the deep divergence in economic theory between the farm class and the factory class in this country. The chapters on "Education" and on "Marriage and the Family" are sensible reviews of actual conditions in this country, and the chapter on "The Make-up of the People" is helpful in clearness and suggestion. The tables and charts give student value to the book, and the whole summary seems to the writer to be just the right thing for high-school courses in civics, and for use in classes for newcomers to our country in settlements and in community centers.

ANNA GARLIN SPENCER

MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL

Americanization. By CAROL ARONOVICI. St. Paul: W. A. Keller Co., 1919. Pp. 84. $0.60.

Once in a while we run across a book that brings the essence of questions that are uppermost in the minds of the day. This modest little book-the author calls it "a booklet"-contains an amount of earnest thought and keen comprehension of fundamental human values that is worthy of a large volume. The title does not hint at the attitude of the author in his viewpoint of the important question before us of helping foreigners to become true citizens.

Too many are taking the method of force, and insist upon "only English being taught or spoken." In the New York Times, October 14, 1919, Senator Kenyon, of Iowa, is quoted as saying, after his visit to the Pittsburgh steel district, investigating the strike situation, in speaking of Americanization of the thousands of non-speaking men and women, that "he is convinced that the time has come to make this a one-language nation."

Dr. Aronovici's ideas suggest in every way that a "synthetic process of social and national integration brought about by an intensified democratic state will merge the present heterogeneous masses of racial and national groups into one great people." He says: "Much of the lawlessness of the immigrant is not due to criminality or immorality, but to a failure to longer recognize old traditions, and to a lack of understanding of the social mechanism of the new environment."

Again he says: "In Rome do as the Romans do' is not assimilation but simulation." And the very suggestive thought, "The recognition

of citizenship as a possible reward for service rendered rather than as a gift to be applied for," is but one of many vital hints that give inspiration to thought in these forty-eight pages. The entire "booklet" is one which is very worth the reading and should be enjoyed by every thinking person. EMILY PALMER CAPE

NEW YORK CITY

Bolshevism and the United States. By CHARLES EDWARD Russell. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1919. Pp. 341. $1.50. After telling of the terrible destruction wrought by the autocratic and anarchistic Lenine and his followers the author says (p. 336):

I have set down here the outline of a strange and terrible chapter in the history of human delusions with the hope that the record may serve in some way to warn my countrymen. Bolshevism has revealed to us in startling fashion the widespread existence among intelligent and educated persons of an order of mind not before connoted. It is a mind that does not coordinate, is able to act but not to reflect, can by specious cries be led into strange fanaticisms, accepts lables without inquiry as to the thing within, sincerely and unselfishly gives itself to the propaganda of half truth.

It acts on this half truth to the fearful destruction of the enormously complex and relatively delicate structure of modern society, which can be so easily thrown out of adjustment but is so slowly and with such painful difficulty readjusted. He calls for steadily pushed but gradual reconstruction of the continuously functioning system.

Changed this must be and will be, but not by Bolshevism and Anarchism; not by shooting men and starving children. The doom of the competitive system is inevitable and not far off; the cooperative system that will take its place is already in sight.

VICTOR E. HELLEBERG

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

Democratic Ideals and Reality; A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. By H. P. MACKINDER. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1919. Pp. 266, and maps. $2.00.

The book under review deals primarily with the geographical prerequisites of a safe League of Nations. It finds the League jeopardized by the possible union and organization, under German leadership, of Eastern Europe and the vast core of Asia, which together form the "Heartland" of the Old World. This Heartland is inaccessible to navigation for the most part, owing to the icebound Attic coasts, while

the Baltic and Black Sea approaches can be readily barred against outside attack, owing to their bottle form. It is therefore armed by Nature against the sea powers, insular and peninsular, who seem to be the police force of the League. The Heartland, on the other hand, has ready land communications with the states of Central Europe. Its vast undeveloped resources in food, forest, and mine, and its potential man-power may be so organized for economic and military efficiency by the Germans as to create a vast continental state, self-fed and selfequipped, extending from the Rhine to the brink of the Chinese lowlands. Such a state would be in position to burst asunder any League of Nations and seize control of the Eastern Hemisphere. The initial step in domination of the Heartland is the penetration, first economic and then political, of Russia and its Eastern dependencies. This accomplished, the seaboard states of Asia, from Manchuria to Asia Minor, would be attacked on their land side, just where the sea powers of the League would find greatest difficulty in delivering reinforcements.

Mr. Mackinder thinks that the idealistic authors of the League covenant, relying on jurisdicial checks to militarism, are preparing another world-disaster unless they are willing to come down to realities and meet organization with organization; unless they maintain the midtier of Slavic states, erected across Middle Europe between the Baltic and the Adriatic, as a wall to keep Germany's hands off Russia. These states are the bulwark of Western Europe. The book abounds in interesting suggestions, and is written in the author's characteristically vivid style.

LOUISVILLE, KY.

ELLEN CHURCHILL SEMPLE

The Only Possible Peace. By FREDERICK C. HOWE, PH.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1919. Pp. 265. $1.50.

The only possible peace should free all lands touching the Mediterranean and put them under the guardianship of a democratic worldgovernment.

The territory to be so internationalized should include:

One. The Balkan states, Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia and Mesopotamia. Two. The Bagdad Railway from Austria-Hungary to the Persian Gulf. Three. The Mediterranean waterways from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean; the Adriatic, Black Sea, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Suez Canal and the Dardanelles.

Four. The harbors of Constantinople, Saloniki, Smyrna, Trieste, Alexandretta, Basra, and other strategic ports should be open to all nations on equal terms (p. 193).

Incidentally in other places he includes all of Africa, the Panama Canal, and other such trifles with the foregoing.

The states bordering upon the Mediterranean should abandon their naval establishments. If possible they should abandon their military establishments as well. There should be no armed vessels of any Power (except for transit) within the confines of any enclosed sea, just as there are no armed vessels on the Great Lakes (p. 194).

The previous one hundred and ninety pages are devoted to a detailed account of how thoroughly the governments of the world are permeated with the spirit of conquest and exploitation. There is no explanation of how the governmental lions and jackals are to be converted in the twinkling of an eye into faithful shepherd dogs. The author lightly assumes that a democratic world-government faithful to its trust can be created in a few months by the Paris Peace Conference without facing the problem of the long and painful process of the possible achievement of such a government by the world. The book was published in January, 1919.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

VICTOR E. HELLEBERG

Democracy in Earnest. The Proceedings of the Southern Sociological Congress for 1916-18. Edited by JAMES E. MCCULLOCH. Washington, D.C.: Southern Sociological

Congress, 1919. Pp. 416. $3.00.

As the editor says in an introductory note, this volume is made up from "the many papers read at the last three conventions" of the Southern Sociological Congress; "the editor has tried to select, impartially, those which, combined into one volume of this size, would express most satisfactorily the ideals and work that the Congress desires at present to emphasize." Thus we have sixty-six essays or addresses dealing with America's part in the war, health, prohibition, the abolition of poverty, economic justice for black and white, negro welfare and race relations, the needs of children, and the social efficiency of the church.

Notable is the co-operation of white and negro in presenting the facts. The white men speak as southerners who believe this is a white man's country, but also as men who want the negro to receive economic and legal justice and an equal opportunity. "At each meeting members of both races have met together and spoken out in good will their thoughts bearing on matters of mutual concern."

"The fundamental purpose of this Congress. . . . is to inform and quicken the social conscience of the South and to have it express itself in aggressive social action."

The Congress has "sought to energize the South in working out the problems of the South in the light of world experience. Therefore this Congress does not compete in any sense with the National Conference of Social Workers." That organization discusses the technical experience of the social workers of North America; this Congress, "as is said elsewhere, seeks 'to organize society as a school for the development of all her citizens rather than simply to be a master to dispose of the dependent, defective, and delinquent population with the least expense to the state."" There is apparently more interest in having the best people do right than in having the unfortunate ones efficiently cared for. To repeat a quotation, the Congress would "never sacrifice the soul of work for its technique."

From its beginning, in 1912, the Congress "has recognized that social salvation and the means of attaining it are essentially moral and religious." Indeed, throughout the book so much attention is given to the social duties and opportunities of the church that its title might be "Social Evangelism."

In this book there is the speaker's choice of startling statistics rather than the expert's scientific interpretation of them. For the sociologist the chief value of the book is in revealing the drift of public opinion in the South. For the clergyman or the public speaker in the South the book is a storehouse of striking facts.

GILBERT H. SMITH

UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA

Orthogenetic Evolution in Pigeons. Posthumous Works of CHARLES OTIS WHITMAN, Vol. III: The Behavior of Pigeons. Edited by HARVEY A. CARR, PH.D. Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1919.

This study is of interest primarily to the behaviorists in psychology, but it is also of great value to the sociologist who is escaping from the dominance of metaphysics and what Adolph Wagner called "random observation" into the more exact and dependable field of scientific generalization. In few fields does the sociologist need the help of the experimental biologist more than in that of the instincts. To the data of this subject this study makes some valuable contributions. The