arose on account of the antagonistic attitude of organized labor. For the future, if women are to better their industrial status, they will have to make themselves as valuable to the employer as the available men. They will have to secure industrial training, learn to organize, and develop a unified social and industrial consciousness in the woman population as a whole.-A. B. Wolfe and Helen Olson, The Journal of Political Economy, October, 1919. C. N.

Franz Liszt und die soziologische Strafrechtsschule.-The main thesis of the sociological theory of criminal law as set forth by Liszt, the famous German criminologist who died just recently, is the same as that of the socialistic sociology. He explains all the phenomena in society as in individual life by social causes. The Socialists' objection to his theory was that of the inconsistency and dualism of his position, due to his participation in the political life of the liberal party, which he also represented in the Landtag and the Reichstag. As a university professor he had to teach the conservative dogmas of penal law and yet he wanted to introduce revolutionary changes in the subject. He proclaimed the principle that not the act but the doer is to be punished. (Nicht die Tat, sondern der Täter ist zu bestrafen.) His work divides into two parts: die Kriminalogie, or study of the causes of crime, and die Kriminalpolitik, or methods of campaign against crime. The principal causes of crime are, according to him, social and economic. In this doctrine he was supported by the Prussian criminal statistics, which show the relation between the upward movement of the price of bread and the increase in the number of thefts. He also observed the increase of crime caused by the war. The fact that 85 to 90 per cent of chronic criminals come from the proletariat shows that in the neglect of society for the working masses and for the conservation of nervous energy within the human race is found the cause. He emphasized the statistical method as the most important means of getting at the causes of crime. He did not give due attention and credit to the psychoanalysis and the individual variability of the delinquent.-Dr. E. Hurwicz, Neue Zeit, October, 1919.

J. H.

Der Gesichtsausdruck der Leiche in kriminalistischer Beziehung.-The question whether a photographic picture of the face of a dead person can offer any evidence as to the circumstances of the death has been brought up by different authorities in the field of medicine. Von Kühne in Heidelberg and the famous French court physician Brouardel have made experiments with animals trying to find out whether the eye of a killed animal can preserve an optical impression of outside objects. Brouardel says that after the eyelids have closed such impression disappears. The question whether the face of a dead person can show any clues as to the circumstances of death has been raised in the case of double suicides. Tarde, who observed more than fifty bodies of lovers, all cases of double suicides, testifies that they did not show any sign of fear or anxiety. Germans did not write on the subject, but the opinions of their best court physicians deny any psychological significance of face expression after death. They emphasize that there are also anatomical and physical changes in the face muscles that do not allow any psychological inference as to the significance and evidence of eye and face expression of a dead body.-Dr. E. Hurwicz, Archiv für Kriminalogie, February, 1919. J. H.

The Function of the Social Worker in Relation to a State Program.-The state hospital of today has made a great advance over the county jail and asylum of yesterday, inasmuch as it is both custodial and educational in its purpose. From the earlier days, when it was deemed justifiable to "confine, bind, and beat in such a manner as might be required under existing circumstances," to the latter part of the nineteenth century, the theory of the treatment of the insane was to control them by fear. The inefficiency, lack of standards, cruelty and abuse of patients in the custody of county jails, poorhouses, and private families led eventually to a system of state control, under which humanitarian methods have gradually been adopted. Social service is the most recent addition in the program of the state. The peculiar function of the social-service worker is to stand between the hospital and the community and aid patients in matters of social adjustment. This involves case work and the collection of data on the social history of patients, on the one hand, and the co-ordination

of the work of the hospital with the various institutions of the community, on the other hand. The social-service worker thus becomes the interpreter of the program of the hospital to the community, enlisting its co-operation by showing the community the nature of mental disorders, their causes, and methods of prevention. This education of the public and the co-ordination of the work of public institutions with the program of the hospital will facilitate the adjustment of the patients to their social environment. This new type of work is rapidly finding favor and will, no doubt, become a recognized part of the state-hospital-organization scheme.-George M. Kline, Mental Hygiene, October, 1919. F. A. C.

A State Program for the Care of the Mentally Defective.-While every state has the beginning of a program to deal with the mentally defective, little has been done to solve the problem. Cognizance has been taken of approximately 10 per cent of all defectives. The great social and economic cost and waste of this situation makes a comprehensive state program necessary. Among the various provisions to be included in such a program are a complete census of the uncared-for feeble-minded in the state; centralized supervision of the care of those not committed to institutions; mental clinics for the examination of all backward school children; supervised training and special classes for defective children in the county schools; after-care of specialclass upils; instruction of parents and teachers in the care of defective children; mental examination of all criminals in penal institutions; selection and commitment of all who need institutional care; increase of institutional facilities for the segregation of those who need it; and, lastly, the parole and after-care of those suitable to be dismissed from institutions. Such a program would require team work on the part of psychiatrists, psychologists, teachers, normal schools, parents, social workers, and institution, parole, court, and prison officials. While authority for the execution of such a program should be vested in a central body, the results to be obtained would, in the last analysis, depend on the workers of each local community.-Walter E. Fernald, Mental Hygiene, October, 1919. F. A. C.

An Investigation of Mental Deficiency among the Juvenile Delinquents of New York City. This investigation was made during the winter of 1918 for the purpose of discovering how many mentally deficient children (below the age of sixteen) were in New York institutions for the delinquent and destitute. The children (24,000 or more) were classified according to sex, color, race, and cause of commitment, and it was decided to take a random sample of each out of these several classifications. An hour or more was devoted to giving each child the Stanford-Binet test. The usual classification by means of the Intelligence Quotient was employed. (1) Among the delinquent girls, a higher percentage of mental inferiority was found than among delinquent boys, due probably to the difference between the causes for their commitment. There was no appreciable difference between the percentage of mental inferiority among the destitute girls and destitute boys. (2) About 8 per cent of the colored destitute children, 4 per cent of the non-Jewish white children, and none of the Jewish white children were found to be feeble-minded. Among the delinquents, on the other hand, 46 per cent of the colored girls, 16 per cent of the colored boys, 17 per cent of Jewish girls, 10 per cent of Jewish boys, 26 per cent of non-Jewish girls, and 23 per cent of nonJewish boys were mentally inferior. (3) The results show that the Jewish children in New York institutions have less mental inferiority than the non-Jewish whites, and that the latter have less feeble-mindedness than the negro children. Among the destitute a large number of very superior children were found and this was particularly true among the Jewish children-20 per cent having Intelligence Quotient above 1.20. Contrary to expectation examination showed that 11 per cent could be considered super-normal and one ten-year-old boy had an intelligence quotient of 1.6.Harry Wembridge, Journal of Delinquency, September, 1919. O. B Y.

A Solution of the Housing Problem.-Many attempted solutions of the housing problem have been so visionary that they have been useless. As a result people have lost faith in the possibility of a decent solution. Nevertheless it is necessary to recognize man's fundamental needs as: those of the body, that call for air, light,

protection, space for movement, cleanliness, in short, a friendly physical environment that promotes a healthy, normal communal life; those of the mind, that seek integration of life's activities, the elimination of chaos, and the expression of the creative impulse; those of his social nature that seek comradeship, play, and the elimination of solitude. Our town must meet these human needs, but our plan must not be fixed and final. It must be so planned that social and industrial innovations and adjustments are both feasible and easy. The new town must provide for the elimination of the ugly aspects of industry and provide for reorganization along the lines of the release of personality. Beauty in a town must not be imposed upon it as ornamentation. It must be a quality of one coherent vision that lives through all its parts. Towns must be built not to store workers over night but where they can live human lives. The function of the town-builder is to provide a plan that will furnish escape from the demoralizing effects of the profits system in industry and that will provide for creative achievement. The way out is not destruction of the present order but evolution from it. A home should have ground enough to provide the worker, under supervision of a corps of agricultural workers of the community, with the necessary vegetables and small fruits. A community crop farm and a community dairy farm will provide products and give a chance for education to children. In addition to livelihood earned in the adjacent industries organized on a guild basis, the head of each house will maintain a workshop in the basement, which is to be supplemented by a community workshop. This will provide for personal special interests in creative endeavor. The economic life of the town will be on a co-operative basis, and the physical plan will embody the essentials for economic efficiency. Robert A. Pope, Journal of the American Institute of Architects, July, 1919. D. H. K.

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