report in triplicate on the evidence in the case, the facts found the tribunal, and the grounds of the decision.

5. Appeals may be summarily dismissed by the judge or may abandoned by the parties.

When an appeal is to proceed the appeals officer sends a copy the notice of appeal to the respondent and to the Minister of Mu tions, and gives due notice of the time and place of hearing.

6. The minister may with the leave of the judge appear and heard on any appeal and may also at any stage of an appeal subtute himself for either party to the proceedings by giving notice writing to the appeals officer and to both parties.

7. Power is given to the judge, among other things, to sit wi two or some other even number of assessors drawn from the e ployers' panel and workmen's panel, to order any witnesses w would have been compellable witnesses before the munitions tribun to attend and be examined on oath before him, and to exercise a powers exercisable by any judge of the high court.

8. In addition to the power to set aside the decision of the mur tions tribunal, the judge may order a rehearing of the case before t munitions tribunal, and may direct that his decision shall not inval date any leaving certificate issued or ordered to be issued by munitions tribunal. Orders made by the judge are enforced as they had been made by a munitions tribunal.

9. Costs are in the absolute discretion of the judge.

10. The decision of the judge is final and binding on all munition tribunals in England and Wales.

In order that the minister should be kept informed of the dec sions of the munitions tribunals and, in proper case, be able t exercise the power of appeal conferred upon him by the amendmen act, it was decided to appoint, as reports officers, men possessing leg qualifications and experience to attend sittings of the tribunals an also to appoint a chief reports officer at the Ministry of Munition to carry out the duties hereafter referred to.

The duty assigned to the reports officers was to call attention, first to decisions involving questions of law or of mixed law and fac doubtful in themselves or conflicting with decisions of other tribunal or those of the high court given on appeal; and, secondly, to any decision, whether involving a point of law or not, which would ap pear to militate against the successful working of the munitions acts The reports on such cases sent by reports officers, as well as the notes of evidence and decisions of cases sent by the chairmen of tribunals enabled the department to be kept informed as to the general working of the tribunals and the trend of their decisions.

By means of the exercise of the right of appeal given to the Min

formity of decisions and practice in all the tribunals. In cases where decisions did not accord with established and recognized principles, but were of insufficient importance to justify an appeal, the ministry, through the chairmen of tribunals, assisted in bringing about the desired uniformity.

The right of appeal by the ministry of munitions was frequently exercised and important decisions were rendered upon the interpretation of, and the procedure to be observed by, tribunals under the munitions acts.

In many cases the minister either on his own initiative or upon the request of the judge was represented by counsel at the hearing of appeals. Generally speaking, the cases in which the minister so appeared were those in which questions of substantial and far-reaching importance to munitions works and workers were involved or those which related to the administration of the munitions acts by the ministry or other Government departments.

In order that the judgments of the courts of appeal for munitions cases should be accurately recorded and made accessible to Government departments, to the chairmen of tribunals, and to others interested in the working of the munitions acts, arrangements were made for the publication of cases in a convenient form. As each part appeared it was circulated to chairmen of tribunals, reports officers, and generally to the Government departments immediately concerned with the munitions acts. These reports were found of great value in securing uniformity of decisions between the many different tribunals and formed a ready and convenient reference for the solution of the many questions put to the department upon the interpretation of the munitions acts.

NEW PLAN FOR LABOR SUBSTITUTION IN MUNITION FACTORIES OF GREAT BRITAIN.

[Reprinted from the British Board of Trade Labor Gazette for May, 1917, p. 161.]

PARTICULARS OF NEW APPEAL FOR VOLUNTEERS.

An appeal for volunteers on a new plan has been set on foot by the Director General of National Service.

Under the old scheme a general appeal was made to all and sundry, and the volunteer was invited to offer his services for any work to which he might be sent. The essence of the new scheme is that, instead of this general appeal, a direct and specific appeal is being addressed to the various trades to prepare and carry through schemes of substitution by means of joint committees of employers and workpeople in each organized trade; or, in the less well-organized trades, through the local national service committees referred to below.

The substitutes so obtained will be called "substitution" ve teers. It does not matter whether they have already offered t services as "national service" volunteers or not. "Substituti volunteers will not be required to sign Form N. S. V. 1. All vo teers are now allocated to their work by the substitution officer the national service department, and not through the employn exchanges.

A "substitution " volunteer will not be asked to leave his emp ment except to take up a definite job on work of national importa on terms which will be clearly notified to him. If the terms unacceptable to him, he will be free to refuse the offer without go before any appeal court. He will either take the place of a man military age and fitness who has been called up to join the col or he will reinforce the labor supply in industries of special natio importance for war purposes. In either case he will have the sa faction of feeling that he is engaged in direct war work as truly the men who are actually with the colors. The terms of employm as regards wages are set out in the statement appended hereto; and will be seen that the volunteer is not now asked to make any pecunia sacrifice by transferring his services from private to national work Some of the trades which have been or will be approached und the new scheme are well organized, with central and local associatio of employers and workpeople; such are the building trades, the pri ing and bookbinding trades, the woodworking and furnishing trad the pottery trades. These four trades have been dealt with by dir negotiation with the associations concerned, and other well-organiz trades are being dealt with in the same way. Central joint comm tees have already been or will be set up in each trade by the repi sentatives of the trades themselves, and these committees will assisted by joint local committees similarly constituted.

Many other trades, however, are less well organized or are orga ized on local rather than national lines, and there are, in additio large groups of men in nonindustrial employment, such as clerk shopkeepers, and shop assistants, warehousemen, male domestic ser ants (indoor and outdoor), and men who are unoccupied. It therefore proposed to have a local national service committee in ever urban area to deal with these unorganized trades and miscellaneo classes. These committees will include both employers and employe Large numbers of men of military age and fitness, who are u gently required in the Army, are at present employed in munitio works and in other work of national importance, but they can onl be released if a sufficient number of suitable substitutes are forth coming. Employers' associations and trade-unions can assist in ob taining these substitutes in one of two ways. If the trade is so wel

service department through a joint trade committee they are invited. to communicate with the director of the general trades section of the department, St. Ermins, Westminster, S. W. 1. In other cases they are asked to communicate without delay with the secretary to the local national service committee, or, if that officer has not yet been appointed, with the town clerk or the clerk to the urban district council, as the case may be.

TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT OF "SUBSTITUTION

VOLUNTEERS.

I. Transfer to another occupation whether in the same or another district.-A volunteer, on transfer to another occupation, either in the same district or in another district, shall be paid the time rate per hour of the occupation from which he has been transferred. When in any occupation from which the volunteer is to be transferred there is no recognized time rate a rate shall be fixed by the director general of national service after consultation with the parties concerned.

Should the rate specified in paragraph 1 be less than the standard time rate paid in the occupation to which the volunteer has been transferred, the rate of the volunteer shall, by equal weekly increments over a period of one month, be raised to such standard time rate. The time rate so provided shall be the time rate of the volunteer so long as he is engaged on time work proper.

When the volunteer is transferred to an occupation other than that in which he has been ordinarily employed he shall be engaged primarily in simple operations, and as he qualifies he shall be promoted to the higher grades of the occupation or to another occupation. The probationary period of four weeks shall be observed only on transfer to a new occupation and not on each promotion.

Subject to the guaranty provided in paragraph 1, the rates of wages and working conditions for volunteers shall be those customary for the same work in the same factory.

II. Transfer to other employment in the same occupation in another district.-A volunteer on transfer to other employment in the same occupation in another district shall be paid his former time rate or the time rate of the district to which he is transferred, whichever is the higher.

III. Transfer to other employment in the same occupation in the same district.-A volunteer on transfer to other employment in the same occupation in the same district shall receive the rate applicable to the district.

IV. Subsistence and traveling time.-Subsistence allowance and traveling time shall be paid in accordance with the following scheme in the cases of transfers I and II, above.

The workman will receive over and above his wages. the followi allowances:

(a) If brought from a distance beyond that which he can reaso ably travel daily, railway fare at the commencement a completion of the work for which transferred; and, whe necessary, subsistence allowance at the rate of 2s. 6d. [60 cents] per day for seven days per week.

(b) If within daily traveling distance (exceeding half an ho each day) the value of the workmen's tickets and one hour traveling time per day at the rate of time and a half.

(c) If within daily traveling distance (not exceeding half a hour) the cost of workmen's tickets, or, if they are not avai able, third-class tickets.

Subsistence and traveling allowance will be paid by the firm en ploying the workman, with the wages.

V. Out-of-work allowances.-If, after being called up and en ployed, a volunteer is discharged by his employer after completin the work allotted to him, and no further work is available for hin he may be entitled to receive, whilst no work is available for hin an out-of-work allowance at the rate of 3s. 6d. [85.2 cents per da (including Sundays) for a period not exceeding four weeks, the fir payment to be due one week after the commencement of unemploy

ment.

Any question which arises as to the interpretation of the foregoin provisions shall be determined by the director general of nations service.

WOMEN RECRUITS FOR WORK ON FARMS IN GREAT BRITAIN.

In Great Britain the services of women on land will be more im peratively needed than ever owing to the withdrawal at the end o May of the 40,000 soldiers lent by the Army to do the spring work i the fields. The new Women's Land Army of the National Servic is being organized to meet this need and the work is being great]] helped by the existence of a small nucleus of trained women, or a least of women with some experience on the land, known as the Women's National Land Service Corps. In February, 1916, condi tions having become serious and promising to be more so owing to continual drain of men off the land, the Women's Farm and Garder Union, the only association which dealt with women's outdoor work before the war, sent a deputation to the board of agriculture, with the result that in subsequent negotiations ground was allowed to the asso ciation for the training of women for land cultivation. This led to the immediate formation of the Women's National Land Service