hundred men, women, and children, were slain in a single hour. Of eighty plantations, all but seven or eight were laid waste, the survivors fleeing to Jamestown.

5. A general war of extermination against the Indians followed. The whites lost all confidence in the red men; hunted them like wild beasts, and used all the wily arts of cunning and treachery for their destruction. At length the Indians were driven back from the river a considerable distance into the wilderness; their strength was broken, and the colony was again safe. This was a dreadful blow to Virginia, from which it took some years to recover. Many settlers returned to England, and two years after the massacre there were not two thrusand inhabitants in the colony.

6. Meantime the London Company was hastening to its dissolution. The stockholders, who were very numerous, had become divided into two political parties, and the subject of the king's prerogative was freely discussed at their meetings, much to the king's annoyance. He charged the disasters of the colony to the mismanagement of the company, and commissioners were appointed by the privy council to examine into its affairs. They seized the charter, and all the books and papers of the company, and, after examination, made an unfavorable report. The king then demanded of them a surrender of their charter, which being refused, the case was then carried into the court of King's Bench, and decided against them. The company was then declared dissolved, and the government of the colony devolved on the crown, under the charter.

7. While the controversy between the king and company was going on, the colonists were left to take care of thernselves. In February, 1624, the General Assembly declared "that the governor should not impose any taxes on the

5. What was the result of the war?

6. What is said of the condition of the London Company? What was the result of the investigation by the commissioners ? and the suit?

7. In February, 1624, what did the Assembly declare? What did they refuse to da ?

colony, otherwise than by authority of the General Assembly; and that he should not withdraw the inhabitants from their private labor to any service of his own." They also refused to give a declaration of unlimited submission to the king, when urged by the royal commissioners, but they sent a petition to the king praying for a confirmation of their civil rights under their charter.

8. The king refused to recognize the Assembly, and issued a special commission, appointing a governor and twelve councillors, to whom the entire control of the affairs of the colony was committed. King James died in 1625, before any action was finally taken by the commissioners. He was succeeded by his son, Charles I. Charles was disposed to favor the colonists, and desired to ingratiate himself with them, in order that he might obtain a monopoly of their tobacco trade. He did not interfere in any way with their franchises, seeming to know but little and to care but little about the political condition of the Virginians. Sir George Yeardley succeeded Wyatt as governor in 1626. The House of Burgesses continued its meetings; the king did not interfere in any way; emigrants arrived in great numbers; and agriculture and commerce were flourishing.

9. In November, 1627, the governor, Sir George Yeardley, died, and the council elected Francis West governor in his place, until another should be appointed by the king. During his administration, the king requested the House of Burgesses to pass a law by which he alone could purchase the tobacco of the colony. The House refused to comply with the request, as it would be injurious to their trade. The king appointed Sir John Harvey governor in the place of Yeardley. He was no stranger in the colony, had been a member of the council, and was very unpopular.

8. What did the king do then? In what year did King James die? What was the principal object of King Charles? Who succeeded Wyatt in 1626? 9. What request did the king make of the House of Burgesses? Did they agree to .. ? Who was appointed governor by the king? What occurred then!

A strong party was formed against him, and the opposition became at last so strong that he was impeached by the House of Burgesses and removed from office. The Assembly appointed two commissioners to prosecute the charges against him in England. The king would not hear the complaints against Harvey, but re-appointed him governor, in which office he continued until 1642, when he was succeeded by Sir William Berkeley.

10. About this time the colony was left for awhile to take care of itself, as the attention of the king was entirely taken up with the struggle between himself and his Parliament. The majority of the people of Virginia were staunch friends of the cause of the king in that contest, and the parliamentary party in the mother country, who were contending against him, met with no favor from them. That party was condemned as composed chiefly of Puritans, and as the religious creed of the Puritans was in great disfavor in Virginia, they were looked upon with suspicion, and those of their number who refused to conform to the ceremonies of the Church of England, which the House of Burgesses had declared to be the established religion of the colony, were banished. Puritan missionaries from New England were silenced, and ordered to leave the colony.

11. Never, since the great massacre of 1622, had there been any real peace with the Indians; and in 1644 they made a sudden attack upon the frontiers, and killed about three hundred of the inhabitants before they were repulsed. When resisted, a panic seemed to seize them, and they fled to the wilderness. The war continued for about two years, and the power of the Indians was completely broken. Their aged chief, Opechançanough, was taken prisoner, and soon.

10. What took place about this time in England? What is said of the majority of the people of Virginia? How were Puritan missionaries treated by the House of Burgesses?

11. What took place in 1644? How many were slain? How long did the war AFL? With what result!

after died in captivity. In 1646, a treaty was made with Necontowanee, the successor of Opechancanough, by which the Indians relinquished the lands of their fathers and retired further into the wilderness.

12. At this time the colony was in a very flourishing condition; commerce was largely increased; more than thirty ships were engaged in the carrying trade. The population, in 1648, amounted to twenty thousand. After the triumph of the parliamentary party in England, and the execution of the king, Charles I., many royalists fled from that country to Virginia, where they were warmly welcomed. Virginia was the last of the colonies to acknowledge the authority of the commonwealth under Cromwell. In 1651, a fleet was sent over to reduce the colony to submission; and when it was found that the Parliament offered to secure to the colonists all the rights of Englishmen, on condition that they would adhere to the Commonwealth, they yielded.

13. Richard Bennett, one of the parliamentary commissioners, was elected governor, and Sir William Berkeley retired to private life. In 1655 and 1658, the House of Burgesses exercised the right of electing and removing the governor, and on receiving intelligence of the death of Cromwell, they re-asserted the right, and required Matthews, the governor, to acknowledge it. On the death of Matthews, Cromwell being dead, and the government of England in an unsettled state, the House of Burgesses elected Sir William Berkeley governor. He refused to serve under the usurped authority of Parliament, when Charles II., who was then in exile, was proclaimed their lawful sovereign, and invited to come over and be king of Virginia. From this incident in her history Virginia received the name of "The Old Dominion."

12. What was now the condition of the colony? What took place after the triumph of the parliamentary party in England?

13. In 1655 and 1658 what right did the House of Burgesses exercise? Who was elected governor after Cromwell's death? How did Virginia receive the name of the Old Dominion?

14. Charles was, not long afterwards, restored to the throne of England. Of all his subjects, the Virginians were the last to renounce and the first to return to their allegiance to the House of Stuart.

CHAPTER VII.

SETTLEMENT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.

1623-1680.

1. THE accounts given, even by the best authorities, of the early English settlements in the colony of New Hampshire, conflict very much with each other. Some maintain that they were made in 1623 under a grant by the Plymouth Company, in 1622, to Sir Fernando Gorges and Captain John Mason, to a district of country designated as Laconia. Others maintain that there were no permanent settlements made within the present limits of New Hampshire until after the grant of the 7th November, 1629, to Captain John Mason.

2. Much of this confusion arises from the great number of grants made at different times, to different parties, by the Plymouth Company in England, to the same district of country, and out of which sprung most of the troubles and evils that so greatly retarded the growth of this colony. After a very thorough investigation of the subject, the following statement may be received as a correct narrative of all the essential facts.

3. On the 10th of August, 1622, a conveyance or grant

CHAPTER VII.-1. What is said of the accounts given of the early settlements in New Hampshire?

2. What does the confusion on t e subject arise from?

3 When was the first grant made to Sir Fernando Gorges and Captain John