pressed Quakers and other dissenters. In pursuance of his solicitations and entreaties, great numbers of Quakers were liberated who had been in prison for many years. Penn's charter was the only one of the colonial charters that was not attempted to be revoked about this time. In 1688, the great revolution drove James II. from the throne; but for two years the government of Pennsylvania continued to be administered in his name. This gave quite an offence to the reigning monarchs, William and Mary, and Penn was imprisoned and his government taken from him. Benjamin Fletcher was appointed governor. Some of the magistrates refused to acknowledge his authority, and some resigned.

10. When the Assembly met they refused to legislate under any other charter than that given by Charles, declaring that to be as good as the one given by King William. They never noticed the governor, and entirely ignored his presence. At length King William became 'satisfied that Penn's attachment to the Stuarts was not treasonable, and his government was restored to him. He sent Markham as his deputy; an Assembly was called, and the people framed for themselves a liberal constitution, and refused to levy taxes until this was granted. When Penn returned he approved what the people had done.

In 1690 Delaware was permitted to have a separate Legislature, as we have seen.

11. Penn had determined to remain in the colony; but hearing that the charters of all the colonies were about to be taken away, he thought his presence in England necessary. The charter was rendered permanent, and the Proprietorship remained in his family until the great American Revolution, when the colony became the State of Pennsyl

10. When the Assembly met, what did they do? In what year did Delaware obtain a separate government ?

11. What caused Penn's return to England? Did he accomplish his purpose? What took place at the breaking out of the American Revolution? When did Benjamin Franklin come to Philadelphia ?

vania, as we shall see. After the breaking out of that war the Proprietary claim was purchased by the Commonwealth for five hundred and seventy thousand dollars. Penn died in 1718, leaving three sons, minors. Six years after his death, Benjamin Franklin came to Philadel ia as a journeyman printer. He soon became eminent a n experimental philosopher and for his great practical co

mon sense.

CHAPTER XV.

SETTLEMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA.

1563-1729.

Early Explorations-Final Permanent Settlements-Indian Wars. 1. The coast of the Carolinas was first explored by the French in 1563, and so called by them in honor of Charles IX. (Carolus), King of France. No permanent settlements were made by them. A small colony of twentysix persons, Protestants, was left at Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1563, by John Ribault, but no reinforcements being sent to them they abandoned the place. In 1564, Admiral de Coligny, the great Protestant leader of France, was able to send out a new expedition under Laudonniere, but these settled on the coast of Florida, on the river May, now called St. Johns.

2. Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two years before the building of Jamestown, in Virginia, attempted, as we

CHAPTER XV.-1. Who first explored the coast of the Carolinas? From what is the name derived? What is said of the early settlements of the French! 2. In what year did Sir Walter Raleigh attempt his settlement? What was its fate?

have before stated, the first settlement ever made within the present limits of the United States by the English, near the mouth of the Roanoke

River, in North Carolina, with one hundred and seven persons. The settlers were left under the care of Ralph Lane as governor. By their injudicious conduct the settlers gave great offence to the natives, whom they despised, and a conspiracy was formed for their destruction. Fortunately, when their situation had become exceedingly critical, Sir Francis Drake arrived with a fleet of twenty-three vessels and removed them to England. at the settlement about one year.

3. No other attempt was made to colonize this region for many years. In 1630, Sir Robert Heath obtained a patent for an extensive region of country lying south of the 36th degree of north latitude. But as he made no settlements, his patent was declared void after a few years. Between the years 1640 and 1663, numbers of persons from Virginia and other colonies, as well as from other countries, settled that portion of North Carolina lying nearest to Virginia. These settlements, several of them on the Chowan River, were made without grants from any quarter. But Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, claimed jurisdiction, visited the colony, to which the name of Albemarle was given in honor of the Duke of Albemarle, and appointed William Drummond governor.

4. In 1663 the whole country from the 30th to the 36th degree of north latitude was conveyed by Charles II., King

3. What took place between 1640 and 1663? What was done by Governor Berkeley ?

4. What grant was made in 1663? What is said of the constitution of John Locke? What name was given to this colony?

of England, to eight noblemen, who were joint Proprietors, with full power to settle and govern. The constitution for the government of the colonists under this grant was drawn up by the celebrated philosopher John Locke, and exhibits great wisdom and forecast in many of its features. Religious freedom was specially provided for in it. The general provisions of the charter were liberal to settlers. Under this charter, in the year 1665, a colony was planted near the mouth of Cape Fear River, and Sir James Yeamans was made governor. To this colony was given the name of Clarendon, in honor of Lord Clarendon, one of the Proprietaries. There thus became established within the limits of North Carolina two separate colonies, Albemarle and Clarendon, each having its own governor. But this arrangement did not long continue, though during its continuance it was the occasion of considerable trouble.

5. The Proprietaries of Carolina, by virtue of their charter from Charles II., claimed all the lands it covered, and jurisdiction over all the inhabitants within its limits. The inhabitants of Albemarle were not satisfied. They desired to hold their lands upon the same tenure as lands were held in Virginia, and broke out in open revolt; but they became quiet when assured that their wishes in this respect should be complied with. Under Stephens, who succeeded Drummond as governor, the first laws of the colony were enacted by an Assembly, composed of the governor, council, and twelve delegates; the latter chosen by the people, and the former by the Proprietaries. These laws were liberal, carefully guarding the rights of the settlers, and granting religious liberty to all. This was in 1669.

6. In 1670 the colonies of Clarendon and Albemarle were united under the name of North Carolina. But the

5. What was the cause of disputes in North Carolina? In what year were the first laws of the colony enacted?

6. In what year did the union of Clarendon and Albemarle take place? What was the cause of the slow progress of the colony? What is said of the insurrection of Culpepper?

progress of the colony was slow, in consequence of the general bad administration of public affairs, and the turbulent and insurrectionary character of the colonists. In 1674 the population was only about four thousand, and the annual product of tobacco eight hundred thousand pounds. In 1677 the colonists, headed by Culpepper, broke out into open insurrection against the authorities. They imprisoned the Proprietary officers and seized the public revenue. The revolt continued successful for two years, when the people, becoming uneasy, sent Culpepper and Holden to England to offer submission to the Proprietaries, on condition that their proceedings were ratified.

7. Culpepper was seized and tried for high treason, but was saved through the influence of Lord Shaftesbury. The Proprietaries sent the notorious Seth Sothel as governor, to restore order to the colony. Corrupt and tyrannical, under his administration the disorders became greater than ever. For six years the colonists bore with his oppressions and exactions. He was then seized, to be sent to England for trial, but he begged that he might be tried by the Assembly. This was done, and he was banished from the colony. He was succeeded by Philip Ludwell. In 1695, John Archdale, a Quaker, was appointed. His jurisdiction extended also over South Carolina. He succeeded in restoring comparative quiet. The wisdom and prudence of his administration were generally acknowledged; considerable settlements were made, and the export of tar and rice was commenced. Churches were erected, and provision was made for the support of public worship.

8. In 1705, Thomas Carey was appointed governor, but was soon removed to give place to Edward Hyde, whereupon he incited a rebellion; and, at the head of an armed force, attacked Edenton, was repulsed, and finally by the aid

7. What is said of the administration of Seth Sothel? Of John Archdale ? 8. Who became governor in 1705 When removed, what did he do? Describe the Tuscarora War of 1712.