by anything more than diplomatic protests, there are obviously many powerful obstacles, financial and political, to limit the ambitions and check the activities of the military party and the jingoes in Tokio. It is to be expected that for some time to come these activities will be concentrated on the colonizing of Manchuria and on the development of points d'appui in Shantung and Fu-kien.

Assuming the Japanese to be capable of organizing and enforcing good government in China, the cause of civilization and the welfare of the Chinese people would alike have much to gain from the establishment of a Japanese protectorate over the eighteen provinces. History proves clearly that the Chinese are prepared to accept alien rulers so long as they rule with wisdom and justice. It is certain that China's intelligentsia is utterly incapable of ruling wisely, and that the people are unfit for self-government; it is equally certain that no European power or group of powers could now undertake the stupendous work of reorganization and education which the country requires. Realizing this fact, millions of Japanese undoubtedly believe in the possibility of a great Asiatic empire under the flag of the rising sun, but there is no evidence that the sober sense of their responsible statesmen entertains any such ambitions. If they did, it would remain to be demonstrated that the ruling class in Japan possesses the moral qualities and administrative genius requisite to secure the loyalty and good will of the Chinese people.

To sum up, recent events at Peking mark clearly the beginning of a period in the history of the Far East in which Japanese predominance will be the central factor, and I have endeavored to show that the expansion of Japan into Manchuria and Mongolia, obviously preliminary to formal annexation, is the result of urgent economic necessity, the inevitable response to instincts of self-preservation. I have assumed that neither on political nor high moral grounds can exception rightly be taken to this expansion into the unpopulous regions north of the Great Wall; on the contrary,

that it should advance the cause of civilization by developing great sources of wealth which Chinese and Mongolian inefficiency have allowed to lie fallow.

But a clear line should be drawn between this justifiable expansion into thinly peopled fertile lands and the contingent claims to assert special rights of a semi-administrative character in China proper. Except with the clear consent of the Chinese, and for their ultimate benefit, any such political ascendancy might prove to be destructive of the world's peace and a cause of fresh calamities to the Chinese people. On the other hand, unless the present chaos and corruption in China can be checked internally and anarchy prevented, something will have to be done by agreement of the powers to impose upon the elements of disorder some form of forceful authority.

The problem is a vast one and intricate: upon its solution depend the peace and prosperity of countless millions. Upon it also must depend the future balance of power in the region of the Pacific, a matter of no small concern to the United States. Clearly the first thing needful is that the leaders and exponents of public opinion in England and America should carefully study and discuss the problem in all its bearings, so that when, with the restoration of peace, the time comes for consideration of the facts accomplished at Peking, that opinion may be clear visioned and firmly rooted in accurate knowledge.

NOTES AND REFERENCES FOR COLLATERAL

READING

A WAR FOR DEMOCRACY (WILSON)

For full notes on the address see Pamphlet No. 101, "The War Message and the Facts behind It," distributed free by the Committee on Public Information, 10 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C.; also for special parts of the address the following pamphlets from the same source: No. 4, “ The President's Flag Day Address, with Evidence of Germany's Plans"; Nos. 6 and 8, " German War Practices"; No. 10, " German Plots and Intrigues in the United States."

THE INVASION OF BELGIUM (BETHMANN-HOLLWEG)

PAGE 30. France stood ready: The statement that France was ready to invade Belgium is disproved by the fact that the French armies at the beginning of the war were concentrated on the boundary of Alsace-Lorraine and were transferred with great difficulty to the Belgian border when the French found the Germans in Belgium. For the complete address of the German Chancellor and for Prime Minister Asquith's address to the House of Commons on August 6, 1914, see International Conciliation for November, 1914.

PRINCIPLES AT WAR (DWIGHT)

PAGE 38. obscure London schoolman: Hakluyt began to publish his "Voyages" in 1598.

66

For other articles on the issues of the War and its causes, see The War: by a Historian" (F. J. Mather) in the Unpopular Review for November, 1914; The War by an Economist " (A. S. Johnson) in the Unpopular Review for November, 1914; 'Headquarters Nights" by Vernon Kellogg in the Atlantic Monthly for August, 1917; and the address of President of the Council Viviani to the French Senate, August 4, 1914, in International Conciliation for December, 1914.

RÔLE OF THE INFANTRY IN MODERN WARFARE (MALLETERRE)

PAGE 58. very recent offensive capture of Messines Ridge on June 7, 1917. For another technical exposition vividly phrased, see "The 75's" by "Odysseus" in Blackwood's Magazine for January, 1916.

THE FRENCH ON THE SOMME ("ODYSSEUS ")

PAGE 59. Lesbœufs

between Peronne and Bapaume.

PAGE 61. gros obus: French for "

a heavy shell.”

PAGE 62. emerged into the daylight: a short section in the original which describes the underground headquarters of an officer is here omitted.

PAGE 65. Mr. Bass: John Foster Bass; see "Who's Who in America for all living Americans and the similar volume for Englishmen. For a similar picture of the British soldier see The Non-Combatant" by Ian Hay in Blackwood's Magazine for April, 1917.

DINANT LA MORTE (DAVID)

For confirmatory accounts of happenings in Dinant see the Bryce Report. on Belgian Atrocities, The German White Book (accounts of Lieutenant von Rochow and Staff-Surgeon Dr. Petrentz).

A FIGHT WITH GERMAN AIRPLANES (BOTT)

PAGE 78. Push: slang term for an offensive movement, in this case the battle of the Somme, July 1, 1916, the first appearance of the armored tractors known as tanks."

66

PAGE 80. Archie: anti-aircraft guns and batteries.- Vesti da Guibba: an aria in the opera " Pagliacci."-Mossy-Face: the places mentioned are all between Albert and Bapaume.

PAGE 81. bus: slang term for an airplane.

PAGE 83. immediate action: firing by pressing the trigger directly with the finger instead of firing automatically.

PAGE 86. joystick: slang term for the apparatus which causes the airplane to dive.

PAGE 88. H. E.: heavy explosive.

SIMS'S CIRCUS (WHITAKER)

PAGE 92. unfortunate vessel : the American destroyer Jacob Jones, sunk on December 6, 1917, off the Scilly Isles.

PAGE 93. The report of the commanding officer of the U. S. S. Fanning, which is the ship which made the capture, assisted by the destroyer Nicholson, can be found in " Composition for Naval Officers" by Stevens and Alden. This shows that the date was November 17, 1917; the location of the engagement is, however, still kept secret.

PAGE 94. Belgian Prince: crew taken on deck of submarine and then thrown into the water and drowned by the submarine's submerging.

For other descriptions of fighting see From Bapaume to Passchendaale" (1918) by Philip Gibbs. For naval actions see Sea Warfare" by Rudyard Kipling; "The Pirate" by Mayne Lindsay in Living Age for December 30, 1916; "The Gunlayer," Blackwood's Magazine for November, 1917; and "Sunk" by R. N. V. in Blackwood's Magazine for October, 1916.