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not wanting in America, where he has been residing for several months. He has been officially greeted as Patriarch by prelates of his own, the Russian, and the American Episcopal Churches in their respective cathedrals in the metropolis.

ZONING FOR HOME PROTECTION

HE dominant subject of discussion at

THE

the recent annual meeting of the American Civic Association was that form of better community housekeeping called zoning. Chicago supplied the examples of tremendous individual and city loss through lack of the sane segregation of business, manufacturing, and residence locations which has resulted in large areas now called "blighted districts." The estimates presented by Chicago's newly created zoning commission pointed to a loss of a billion dollars in property values through uncontrolled locations, not taking into account the added burdens of transportation put upon the city and the people by reason of removals from these blighted districts.

Other major subjects discussed included the proposed Roosevelt-Sequoia National Park in the high Sierras, the session being under the chairmanship of Judge John Barton Payne, now head of the American Red Cross, and Secretary of the Interior in the last Administration, with Frederick Law Olmsted making and illustrating the principal address. The session on "Real Reductions in Cost of Small Homes" was conducted by John M. Gries, Chief of Herbert Hoover's new division of building and housing in the Department of Commerce, and the addresses on the elimination of wastes in land layout and in house plans were notable contributions by experts to the stimulation of home building.

A spectacular session occurred in conjunction with the Chicago Association of Commerce, at which, upon a courageous presentation by Thomas E. Donnelley, a thousand Chicago business men pledged themselves to "clean house" in the building situation by complete support of the Landis award in relation to the arbitration, against which the carpenters and plumbers, with several other unions, were resisting, although eighty-five per cent of the union workers, the contractors, and the material men had agreed to abide by the fair and fearless findings of Chicago's able and picturesque jurist. It was said by one spectator at this meeting that it amounted to a new declaration of independence against the intolerable evils which have brought building construction in the great city to a virtual standstill.

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Association, with J. C. Nichols of Kansas City as First Vice-President.

THIRTEEN PIANOS

TH

HIRTEEN grand pianos on the stage and fifteen grand pianists to play them! How is this for the paraphernalia of a concert? It sounds rather acrobatic and vaudevillian but it really was musical and delightful.

The occasion was a benefit performance given in Carnegie Hall, New York, not long before Christmas, to raise a fund for the distinguished Polish pianist and composer, Moszkowski, who is lying ill and almost penniless in Paris. Moszkowski is distinctively a composer for the professional pianist. His pieces afford an opportunity for the display of brilliant, rapid, and scintillating technique, although one of his compositions, his "Spanish Dances," has had a great popular vogue among amateurs throughout the world.

It was a happy thought of some musician-it was, we believe, Ernest Schelling to combine a unique display of piano artisanship and pianistic art with a manifestation of the friendly spirit of Christmas in aid of a suffering colleague. Circumstances aided. War and post-war conditions have brought together in New York a group of great pianists such as probably have never before been living at one time in a single world capital. The result was that the audience had the unique opportunity of hearing such artists as Bauer, Hutcheson, Lhevinne, Schelling, Backhaus, Gabrilowitsch, Grainger, Friedman, Casella, Ornstein, Schnitzer, Stowjowski, Ney, and Lambert play solos and perform together in a great ensemble. The idea of thirteen pianos all going at once seemed to some musicianly spirits rather ludicrous beforehand; but those who came to scoff remained to admire. For example, the arrangement was almost ideal for Schumann's "Carnival." The various numbers of the suite were played as solos in rotation by the participating artists, while the finale, the stirring "Davidsbundler" march, was performed by all hands on all the pianos at once with fine orchestral effect. Indeed, the orchestral character of this performance was enhanced by the fact that Mr. Walter Damrosch conducted it as he would have conducted a symphony.

A word, at least, should be said for the artisanship which the concert disclosed. To build and tune thirteen concert grand pianos of five different makes so that they shall be each and all absolutely true to pitch and thus to one another is no small achievement. Yet this result was happily accomplished.

The affair was a festivity as well as

a concert. During the intermission Mr. Damrosch and Madame Alma Gluck in intimate, graceful, and witty fashion auctioned off three programmes, autographed by the participating pianists, which brought, respectively, $500, $750, and $1,000. The net receipts of the benefit were announced to be well over $10,000.

This handsome sum will be welcomed for material reasons by the disabled pianist to whom it will be presented. But he will doubtless still more welcome the appreciation of his art shown by the great audience which filled every seat and all the standing room of Carnegie Hall and the unique token of affection and friendship from his fellowartists a friendship which knows no national limitations.

ADVERTISING-THE

NEW PROFESSION

U

NDER the above title we print elsewhere in this issue an interesting address which Mr. Frank Presbrey, one of the best-known American experts on advertising, recently delivered before an association of manufacturers. He speaks of advertising as a new profession.

We doubt if many advertising men themselves realize how new a thing advertising is as an adjunct of commerce when measured by the time units of, let us say, H. G. Wells's "Outline of History." Barter or commerce is as old as primeval man. It has been a part, an essential part, of the development of civilization for thousands of years. But commercial advertising is less than three hundred years old.

According to so good an authority as the eleventh edition of the Encyclopæ dia Britannica, the first known newspaper advertisement appeared in London in April, 1647. It sought purchasers for a book entitled "The Divine Right of Church Government," which, the reader was informed, might be had at the sign of the Golden Fleece in the Old Change not an inappropriate name for some book-shops of the present day where undiscriminating purchasers are fleeced into buying popular "best sellers" whose only merit is that they bring a golden stream into the coffers of the publishers.

Beginning with the paid announcements of books, newspaper and periodical advertising rapidly fell into the hands of quacks and fakers and acquired a notoriety and disrepute that made honorable and scrupulous men look upon it with distrust and aversion. Advertising came to be regarded as સ

synonym for quackery or puffery. And then the usual forces of social evolution began to assert themselves. The men whose livelihood depended on advertising began to realize the true function of advertising as a handmaid of commerce and set in motion reforms in business methods and the enactment of lawslaws which were not imposed on advertising managers, but were inaugurated by them-which, as Mr. Presbrey says, have made the advertising agent and solicitor really a professional man with an organized code of ethics as strict as that of the lawyer or physician. Bureaus of research have been established to investigate the statements of advertisements submitted for publication, and one great American periodical, whose advertising pages may be literally called a National bulletin of American industrial news, maintains a chemical laboratory to test scientifically the claims made for merchandise offered to the public in its advertising pages.

The Encyclopædia Britannica, which has already been quoted, is itself a witness to the importance of advertising in modern civilization. That famous compendium is edited and published under the auspices of the University of Cambridge; it is defined by that historic and highly intellectual institution as "a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, and general information;" and, while it devotes thirteen pages to the article on poetry, it gives five of its valuable pages to a review and interpretation of advertising, one of the writers of this long and comprehensive paper being a former scholar at Queen's College, Oxford, and a barrister at law.

Now if one of the greatest universities of the world considers advertising to be five-thirteenths as important to mankind as poetry, surely a periodical like The Outlook is justified in regarding its advertising pages with both pride and concern.

For there is no doubt that great responsibility rests upon the shoulders of both those who write and those who publish advertising. The diffusion of literature and education, the promotion of health and physical comfort, the distribution of farm and manufactured products, the increase of agricultural economics and efficiency, the development of transportation, the spread of popular understanding of civic organization--in a word, the orderly progress of our National life depends in a large measure on wise, effective, and honorable advertising. It should be regulated by law, as is being done more and more by many of the State governments; it should be jealously protected by its sponsors from errors of taste and crimes of fraud; and it should be regarded by

the readers of newspapers and periodicals when it is properly edited and censored as a real contribution not only to their convenience but to their general information and welfare. No wonder it has been called a New Profession.

ATHLETES OF 1921

A

S long as men and women have bodies it is probable that the athlete will hold a high place in popular esteem. And there does not seem to be much immediate prospect that our world will be changed into a cosmos of disembodied spirits.

There is sound reason behind this state of affairs, for the body is the tool of the mind, and it is in the athlete that the most dramatic illustration of the coordination of these factors is to be found. We are not suffering under any delusion that the athlete is necessarily a man or woman of high mental powers or that athletics should be regarded as an end in itself. But athletes and athletics occupy a high and rightful place among the best products of civilization. The two articles which The Outlook has recently published by Katherine Mayo and Elwood Brown have presented clearly the far-reaching influence which may be exerted by the development of world-wide interest in athletic carnivals. Every teacher knows the powerful effect which organized play has upon the character development of the individual. The daily press is not to be condemned for taking athletics so seriously, but only because it too frequently takes sport in the wrong spirit.

The illustrations of leading American athletes of 1921 which we publish elsewhere in this issue provide testimony to the wealth of opportunity for recreational development to be found in sport. There is an activity suited to every type of mind and body. There is the game in which the individual is fused in a team, the type of physical endeavor which demands not only co-ordination between the individual mind and the individual body, but also the highest degree of co-operation with the minds and bodies of others. Such a sport as football marks the highest development in this direction. Probably in the position of the quarterback on a modern foot-ball team is to be found the acme of such union. At the other end of the scale comes such a sport as golf. The royal game of Scotland likewise requires a superlative degree of mental and physical co-ordination, but it is a solitary pastime in which defeat or victory is decided within the confines of a single body. The physical demands of this game are less severe than football. but it requires a mental stamina and a

moral courage of the most exacting kind. Let us look over various sports and apportion to each one the elements of mental and physical qualifications in various degrees of intensity. Boxing? Certainly no great brain power is required, but to attain pre-eminence it demands at least that instant reflex between stimulus and action which is to be found in the perfect animal. Track athletics? A high degree of physical adaptation to the purpose, combined with those mental qualifications which mark the individual who has the persistency and strength of character to work intelligently towards what we call "form." Billiards? We find here an amazing physical dexterity and nicety combined with the surest of nerves and the most exact of eyes. Fancy diving? It asks a sense of rhythm and grace and a power of physical control which an interpretative dancer might envy. The field of athletic activity is as limitless as the number of possible contestants.

If this were an editorial on æsthetics instead of one on athletics we might take occasion to point out that the athlete is necessarily something of a Platonic philosopher. Surely the athlete in his own particular field is striving to discover the ideal and to approach it as closely as possible. The ideal for the athlete is that variety of intangible perfection which we call form. That those who come measurably close to this ideal are veritable creators of beauty has been most graphically demonstrated by a very modern invention, the rapid-motion-picture camera-the camera which, by registering many more impressions of a given action than the human eye is capable of doing in a given space of time, is able to perform the function of Mr. Wells's "time machine." An athlete who flashes by the human eye in a blur is shown by means of this camera to have attained in movement a marvelous rythmical progression beyond the power of the unaided eye to appreciate.

The rapid-motion-picture camera is perhaps one of the few modern inventions which the ancient Greeks would have enjoyed possessing. It is a satisfaction to have discovered at least one æsthetic pleasure which the Greeks did not enjoy!

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ties to be encountered, great in the results if these difficulties are overcome. In both respects we count it a much greater undertaking than either of its predecessors the Jewish Encyclopædia and the Catholic Encyclopædia.

It is the pride of the Roman Catholic Church that it is the same in all localities and all ages-the same in its doctrine, its ritual, the language of its worship, and its theological teaching. It is the pride of the Protestant churches that they are not the same, that they have different creeds and different rituals and that their theology changes from age to age. For Protestant Christianity is avowedly a growing concern. It frankly accepts Christ's description: The kingdom of God is like a seed cast in the ground which springs and grows up we know not how, first the blade, then the ear, then the full corn in the ear. He who describes a fossil has a simple task; he who would describe a growing tree must describe seed, sprout, stem, branches, blossoms, and fruit, and show how the same life animates them all.

The Christianity of the twentieth century is not the same as the Christianity of the first century. Out of the upper chamber where Paul preached have grown the great cathedrals, out of the Lord's Prayer rich rituals of devotion, out of the simple "Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ" elaborate theologies, Paul and Barnabas have become an army of missionaries carrying the glad tidings to every people under the sun, and the cup of water given to a disciple has grown into a network of asylums, hospitals, life-saving stations of every description.

We hear much, sometimes in praise, sometimes in blame, of the "New Theology." Theology has been new in every age. There are no Calvinists today who accept unchanged the theology of John Calvin, and John Calvin was not a replica of Augustine. When we repeat the old creeds, we charge them with a new meaning. "I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth," cannot mean to one knowing the stupendous greatness of the universe what it meant to one who supposed that the earth was a plain and that the sun and stars were made as lamps to light it. An Encyclopædia of Christianity will not only have to describe these varying forms of belief and of worship, but to discover and disclose in them the common faith which animated them all and invested them all with a unity in variety so infinitely greater than any uniformity whether of order, ritual, or creed.

But Christianity not only differs from age to age, it differs in men of different

temperaments in the same age. The spirit of love, service, and sacrifice which Christ imparts entering into the heart makes in each individual a new creature. Christian experience is unique in him. That experience both intensifies his individuality and inspires in him the spirit of co-operation. Denominational differences are partly intellectual, partly historical, but they are even more temperamental. The Christ spirit makes of one man the poet Whittier, of another Cardinal Gibbons. One is not more Christian-that is, more Christ's man-than the other. He who would describe Christianity has to describe not merely a tree but a garden. An Encyclopædia of Christianity has to explain us to one another. This requires scholarship, but more than scholarship. It requires a poet who is a philosopher and a philosopher who is a poet.

As the oldest creeds take on new meaning with new knowledge, so the most prominent doctrines take on different meanings in men of different temperaments. The Trinity-what do we mean by the word? There are two popular definitions: "Three Persons in one God;” “God in three Persons.” Which do you believe? If you will lay this paper down and reflect for a moment, you will see that they are different; if you will reflect for a little longer, you will see that they are not inconsistent. The mystery of the first attracts some thinkers; the simplicity of the second attracts other thinkers. An Encyclopædia of Christianity should describe them both.

Or again: The Christian Church without exception recognizes with reverence the Lord's Supper. But how different the interpretation! The Friend says: The Master sits my guest at my table. Every meal is a sacramental meal. Whenever a blessing is asked, there is some recognition of this truth. The Anglo-Catholic and the Lutheran say: This is a unique meal. There is no other like it. In every celebration of the Eucharist there is a spiritual sacrifice and a new oath of consecration to the Master's service. An Encyclopædia of Christianity should describe both conceptions and whatever other conceptions there are that lie in men's minds midway between these two.

Moreover, there are phases of Christian life which have created well-defined parties in the Christian Church, and other phases which have led men and women in large numbers to leave the Christian Church. And there are certain features of modern civilization which have been developed only where Christian thought has preceded and apparently prepared the way for them. Such are free government, the public

school, the post office, the credit system, banks and banking. How are these movements to be interpreted; how far to be regarded as products of the Christian spirit?

I think I have said enough to justify my characterization of this Encyclopædia of Christianity as a great undertaking, and perhaps to justify my belief that it promises, if carried to a successful issue, to have great results in promoting a better mutual understanding among the different churches, and so in all their variety of forms a real and vital unity of the spirit.

M

LYMAN ABBOTT.

NOT SO BAD!

UCH has been said lately in publishers' circles about quality circulation and mass circulation. This sound distinction holds good in literary values as well as in advertising efficiency.

What sort of a year was 1921 from that point of view? Has the enormous output of volumes had a gratifying or a disappointing proportion of books that appeal to the taste and imagination of discriminating and cultivated minds as opposed to those that accept the crass, the crude, and the ephemeral? Has the alter-the-war period made us care little for art; has it turned our interest unduly to practical, concrete, "facty" writing on the one side, and to sensational and "bluggy" books on the other; or do books that have style and atmosphere and serene charm still find wide acceptance?

A dash here and there among titles that occur offhand, without ransacking of lists and with no effort to cover the whole ground, may throw light on these questions. Probably two or three of the books thus recalled may have been actually published before New Year's Day, 1921, but such exceptions have at least had their largest reading during the year.

There has been a veritable revival of popular demand for those biographies that by anecdote, humor, keen characterization, and shrewd comment make this class of reading more lastingly enjoyable than most fiction. When American readers buy Mr. Strachey's "Queen Victoria" and Mr. Bok's "Americanization of Mr. Bok" in so many tens of thousands as to run best-seller novels hard; when we hear people talk animatedly about works so different as the "Mirror" books and Mr.. Hagedorn's "Roosevelt in the Bad Lands" or Mrs. Aldrich's "Crowding Memories;" when we read appreciative reviews of William James's Letters, or Sir Sidney Colvin's

"Memories and Notes," or Mr. Cortis soz's Life of Whitelaw Reid, or the Autobiography of "Old Marse" Watterson, or the recent book about Renan and the just published Life of Major Higginson by Bliss Perry-with all this .in mind, one may at least proclaim 1921 a royal year as regards popular interest in books about people worth knowing, if only those books are well and agreeably written and at least reasonably free from the dry dust of too conscientious but laborious authorship.

Turning to fiction, the year, if not annus mirabilis, has had its high lights and its art achievement. It was a gain for imaginative as compared with reportorial fiction, we dare to say, that as the year went on the crowd of readers turned from peering curiously into the tawdry windows of Main Street houses to admire the unselfish and sacrificing spirit of the lovable Mark Sabre in Mr. Hutchinson's "If Winter Comes." And we may support the quality claim in the fiction of 1921 by other worthy novels, romances or tales. Offhand again, and without prejudice, as the lawyers say, we name Mr.

Tarkington's "Alice

Adams" as a close study of the relation of environment to character, Mr. Galsworthy's To Let" as a fine specimen of apparently effortless yet exquisitely wrought workmanship, Hamsun's "Growth of the Soil" as a fascinating picture of man stolidly struggling to build society out of raw nature, Sabbatini's "Scaramouche" as a book that Dumas the elder might have written if he were alive and should use his skill and dash under the new literary conditions, Miss Sinclair's "Mr. Waddington of Wyck" as a perfect bit in its sardonic dissection of a pompous dolt swollen with self-conceit. Let the reader add to these the three or four 1921 novels he or she would like to read the second time next summer just because they keep coming back to mind, and he will agree that last year saw a substantial issue of fiction above par.

We must not carry our query too far into other classes of books. In history Mr. Wells's "Outline" was read in the last months of 1920, all of 1921, and continues to be read this year. Mr. Lansing's "Peace Negotiations" and "Big Four," Mr. Tumulty's "Woodrow

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the publication of a series of short character stories by Dorothy Canfield. They might be classed as semi-fiction-each has its characters, and each has a point which brings the reader's attention up with a sharp turn as do the endings of O. Henry's tales. The title we have used above seems fairly well to describe these stories.

Mrs. Fisher (we disclose no secret in saying that this is Dorothy Canfield's name) has said about these articles and others that will make up a book:

What gets into print is so tragically dull and lifeless compared with the vibrating, ordered, fascinating life that goes on in your head before you put pen to paper. . . . I have faith to believe that you will enjoy for once being able to move about in a book without a clutter of explanations and signboards to show you the road the author wishes you to take. I do not wish you to take any road in particular, and rather hope you will try a good many different ones, as I do. I have only tried to loan you a little more to add to the raw material which life has brought to you, out of which you are constructing your own attempt to understand. I am only handing you from my shelves a few more curiosities to set among the oddi

Wilson as I Know Him," and Lord the field of poetry; Mr. O'Brien's "MysBryce's "Modern Democracy" have

aroused discussion. We have had delightful nature essays in John Burroughs's posthumous book "Under the Maples," Mr. E. A. Robinson's "Launcelot," "Three Taverns," "Avon's Harvest," and his collected poems, Mr. Masefield's "Enslaved," Miss Millay's "Second April," and Sara Teasdale's "Flame and Shadow" recur to mind in

tic Isles of the South Seas" (we hope you have read also that clever burlesque on South Sea romancing called "The Cruise of the Kawa") and Mr. Franck's "Working North Through Patagonia" in the field of travel and adventure; and Mr. Rutledge's "Old Plantation Days" in that of descriptive retrospect.

This skimp and skimming backward view is partial in two senses; it is in

HUMAN NATURE BYWAYS

BY

DOROTHY CANFIELD

AUTHOR OF THE BRIMMING CUP," "THE BENT TWIG," HILLSBORO PEOPLE," UNDERSTOOD BETSY," ETC.

ties you have already collected, and which from time to time you take down, as I do mine, turning them around in your hands, poring over them with a smile, or a somber gaze, or a puzzled look of surprise.

So she makes the reader here do some of the work. There is little dialogue, but the characters stand There is out almost startlingly. humor abundant; there is smiling satire but no cynicism; there are queer twists of human nature.

We wonder how many of our readers read a story called "Hats" by Dorothy Canfield once printed in The Outlook; those who did remember it, those who didn't, missed enjoyment. Well, these sketches remind us of "Hats."

Dorothy Canfield's latest book, "The Brimming Cup," stood second in the list of "best-sellers" in the November "Bookman." Probably "The Bent Twig" is by most readers considered her best novel. We have added two other titles to these above just because "Hillsboro People" and "Understood Betsy" seem to us to have a good deal of the quality of these new stories.

If our readers enjoy "Old Man Warner," "A Great Love," "Uncle Ellis," and the other stories as much as the editors have, they will thank us for printing them.

complete and it names books to which one writer is partial. Make another for yourself and see if you do not agree that what they would call down South the "choosy" reader may find grace, wit, and art in the books of 1921.

As to the bad books-the weak, the silly, the dull, the pretentious-we won't say "Forget them;" the injunction isn't needed; they will drift out of memory like last year's fog.

Ο

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE FROM THE ARMAMENT CONFERENCE

BY ERNEST HAMLIN ABBOTT

NE of the most familiar figures at the Armament Conference-at least most familiar to the press correspondents assembled there has been that of Lord Riddell. His rugged and kindly face, crowned with a soft hat crushed down comfortably over the temples, and his rather tall frame, on which his clothes hung like the ivy on an old church, seemed to constitute as essential an element in the Conference as the Pan-American Building or Continental Memorial Hall. Delegates might go and leave competent substitutes; but Lord Riddell was regarded as indispenrable. Twice a day this veteran British newspaper man met as many correspondents from the various lands represented as wished to gather at the British Press Headquarters in the New Navy Building. There he sat at the head of a long table around which four or five score of newspaper men assembled-in the morning chiefly correspondents of American afternoon papers and such foreign correspondents as had to put their daily despatches on the wire by noon, in the afternoon the correspondents who could wait for the fuller news of the day. Sometimes he volunteered whatever information he had. been able to obtain, but always he was ready to answer questions. Being a lawyer as well as a newspaper man, he could explain legal problems as they arose. His humor was unfailing; for, as he put it, he found it desirable "to enliven these meetings for the.relief of one's self to avoid the lunacy commission." It is hard to measure the contribution he made to the forces which kept the Conference, even at times when differences of opinion became acute, up on the level of good feeling. A few days before his departure, necessitated by business affairs which required his attention in England, and perhaps hastened by the accidental death of his friend and associate, Sir Arthur Pearson, the blind benefactor of the blind, he was the guest of honor at a dinner given by press correspondents of Europe, America, and Asia who wished by this means to express their appreciation of his services, not merely to them, but to the cause of international understanding and friendly relations.

Though never concealing, often, in fact, frankly expressing, his desire for the things that Britain desired-such, for instance, as the abolition of the submarine-Lord Riddell was manifestly chiefly concerned with one object, the strengthening in all the nations here represented of the will to peace. If the press of the various nations were intent on promoting a mutual understanding

and were disposed to the expression of international good will, he believed that war between nations thus represented would be impossible. He served well because he believed in the power of his calling. He placed it higher in the scale of international forces than diplomacy or treaties. Nothing that ambassadors or plenipotentiaries could do was, in his judgment, able to secure peace if the press of the world were disposed toward suspicion, animosity, and conflict. On the other hand, all that ambassadors and plenipotentiaries might attempt in provoking conflict would be powerless against a press united for the cause of international understanding.

was the

Obviously this conviction very basis on which the Washington Conference was based. This conviction was expressed by the President in the two addresses he made when the Conference opened. At Arlington, standing beside the body of the unknown soldier, President Harding described his experience in watching a demonstration of modern warfare, a "panorama of unutterable destruction." And he added these words:

Surely no one in authority, with human attributes and a full appraisal of the patriotic loyalty of his countrymen, could ask the manhood of kingdom, empire, or republic to make such sacrifice until all reason had failed, until appeal to justice through understanding had been denied, until every effort of love and consideration for fellow-men had been exhausted, until freedom itself and inviolate honor had been brutally threatened.

And the next day, addressing the delegates directly, President Harding in the course of his speech said:

We harbor no fears; we have no sordid ends to serve; we suspect no enemy; we contemplate or apprehend no conquest. Content with what we have, we seek nothing which is another's. We only wish to do with you that finer, nobler thing which no nation can do alone. We wish to sit with you at the table of international understanding and good will. In good conscience we are eager to meet you frankly, and invite and offer Cooperation.

To this end of mutual understanding and good will the President summoned the nations to self-denial. Not the denial of rights or freedom or aspiration or necessities, but on the part of each nation for itself the denial of power for aggression and injury. Behind the plan for the limitation of naval armament and behind the proposal for the discussion of the complicated and difficult problems of the Far East and the Pacific

lay this purpose of instituting a policy of national self-denial and self-restraint and of promoting international confidence.

The first fruit of this purpose was the treaty agreed to formally at the open session on December 10. This, which may be called the Four-Power Treaty or the Pacific Islands Treaty, was limited in scope, for it applied only to questions which might arise concerning the region of the Pacific Ocean, and it was limited therefore to those important naval Powers with responsibilities for islands in that region; but among these Powers and for all Pacific questions it embodied this double idea of national self-restraint and international confidence.

"good

Within two hours of the adjournment of that open session of the Conference Lord Riddell had his usual afternoon meeting with the press correspondents. After receiving some jocose congratulations on showing himself a guesser" because he had forecast the nature of this treaty, he proceeded to make some explanations of the text of the treaty which might not occur to the mind of the casual reader. He pointed out, for example, that the text of the treaty as given out did not include the names of the plenipotentiaries, and therefore gave the impression that the King, the Emperor, and the Presidents named were their own plenipotentiaries, which of course was not true. He made other explanations, and among them one which at the time passed unnoticed apparently by the correspondents. This was that among the island dominions included within the scope of this treaty were the islands of Japan itself.

At the time this statement did not strike me as of very great significance, partly because it seemed obvious. One of the signatories to this treaty was the Emperor of Japan, and certainly his dominions are emphatically the islands where the Japanese people live, just as the United Kingdom is itself within the dominions of the British King, and, as any map will show, the islands of Japan are in the Pacific. Certainly this news was not on the face of it startling. When I mentioned this fact in my correspondence two days later for The Outlook of December 21, I did not realize that across just this point in the trail which the Conference was making some one was about to draw a red herring.

That is what happened when the New York "Times" came out with a frontpage "story" from its Washington correspondent declaring that "out of the cloud of mystery and secrecy" had emerged the "apparent" fact that,

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