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famine in Russia. The Soviet people are not starving, and the Government has not lost all of its ability to meet a food crisis. It could certainly divert some of its resources from heavy industry to better agri

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ments difficulties and to alleviate our own internal agricultural problems.

Finally, it should be stated unambiguously that it would be wrong to conclude that since the wheat deal is political, the United States

cultural management, and it is still capable necessary to the Soviet Union in order for it should have no part of it. That is fallacious

of providing the basic staples to meet Russian needs.

Even if all the Western countries were to refuse wheat to Russia, no Russian would

starve because of it. There is no doubt, however, that certain kinds of foods would be in short supply, and this would create considerable social and political difficulties for the Soviet Government.

OUTRAGEOUS APPROACH

The economic argument is more complex. The simple equation of profit and trade is deeply rooted in the American tradition, and it is not easy to convince an American that the Soviet approach to the problem is somewhat different. Yet as George Kennan has amply demonstrated in his book, "Russia and the West," the Soviet approach to the problem of trade is a highly political one.

Writing about the Soviet attitude toward the West in the very early 1920's, Kennan thus projected the Soviet reasoning on the subject of trade with the West:

"We despise you. We consider that you should be swept from the earth as governments and physically destroyed as individuals. We reserve the right, in our private, if not in our official capacities, to do what we can to bring this about: to revile you publicly, to do everything within our power to detach your own people from their loyalty to you and their confidence in you, to subvert your Armed Forces and to work for your downfall in favor of the Communist dictatorship.

"But since we are not strong enough to destroy you today-since an interval must unfortunately elapse before we can give you the coup de grace-we want you during this interval to trade with us. An outrageous demand? Perhaps. But you will accept it nevertheless.

"You will accept it because you are not free agents, because you are slaves to your own capitalist appetites, because when profit is involved, you have no pride, no principles, no honor. In the blindness that characterizes declining and perishing classes, you will wink at our efforts to destroy you, you will compete with one another for our favor."

One may wonder, in the light of the 1962 Cuban confrontation and Khrushchev's general policy of "burying" us, whether this approach has changed so very fundamentally.

A NECESSARY FAILURE

To the Soviet leaders, the wheat deal is political because two very vital Soviet political interests are involved. The first is the stability of the collective agricultural system itself. Over many years, that system has failed to deliver the goods, at least insofar as the Soviet consumer is concerned. Yet to the political leadership, the collective system is essential.

A recent critical reevaluation of the Stalinist drive for collectivization, published in Voprosy istorii, state quite categorically that the collectivist system was necessary in order to build socialism in the Soviet Union and for the defense of the country. Mounting consumer dissatisfaction with the inability of the present agricultural system to produce adequately might, over the long haul, force the Soviet leaders to revise the agricultural system. However, if the Soviet leadership finds other means of meeting domestic needs; i.e., imports paid for with gold, it can perpetuate the collectivist system.

Collectivization was abandoned in Poland and Yugoslavia because the leaderships had no way out. By importing wheat, the Soviet leadership sees a way out, and hence the wheat deal is necessary to Moscow in order

to meet its grain export commitments. These commitments are important to the Soviet leadership primarily for political reasons.

Last year the Soviet Union exported approximately 7.8 million tons of grain, of which wheat constituted 4.7 million tons. The list of clients shows clearly the political importance of the exports: the largest consumer was East Germany, followed successively by Czechoslovakia, Poland, Brazil and Cuba.

and extreme. It would be a pity if we failed to use the limited leverage that this particular situation affords.

Since the Soviet Union wishes to buy wheat from us, it puts us in a favorable bargaining position. By all means, we should go ahead with the deal, but our approach should be very conscious of its essentially political character.

1963]

DEMAND MORE THAN DOLLARS: TEACHER TALKS ON WHEAT SALE

The restriction that President Kennedy [From the Lincoln (Nebr.) Journal, Nov. 1, wishes to impose on the reexportation of American grain to these countries creates a technical impediment to such exports, The Soviet Union would not be able to ship them American wheat directly. Nonetheless, the availability of American wheat, and indeed of other Western wheat, would mean that Soviet grain itself could be exported to the countries concerned. Hence the political problem would not be resolved by the proposed restriction.

The above comments should not be construed as an argument against an AmericanSoviet wheat deal. They are meant to suggest, however, that this wheat deal ought to be viewed in a political perspective and that U.S. negotiators ought to seek political concession from the Soviets in return.

Naturally, there would be no point in expecting fundamental concessions. For example, it would be illusory to expect a Soviet acknowledgement of our position in Berlin in return for our willingness to sell Russia some wheat; there is no political equivalence between these two interests. However, on a number of marginal issues, there is no reason why the United States should not insist on a quid pro quo.

A University of Nebraska professor Friday called for the United States to demand concessions besides dollars in any sale of wheat to the Soviet Union.

Dr. Galen Saylor, chairman of NU's De

partment of Secondary Education in Teachers

College, drew from his experiences teaching in Finland last year while addressing the Lincoln Kiwanis Club.

Dr. Saylor noted Russia insists on political guarantees from Finland in order that the Finns may gain trade agreements with the Soviets.

"Why not turn the tables on Russia now that she needs wheat?" the professor asked. "If she balks at our conditions, let her go elsewhere for wheat. The sale of a mere fraction of our surplus wheat is not so important as to justify a compromising, timid attitude toward international relations on our part."

should impose conditions leading to a lessDr. Saylor said that American people ening of international tensions as an additional basis for the wheat deal.

For example, it would seem ironical for the United States to be enabling the Soviet Union to maintain its collectivized agricul- [From the New York (N.Y.) Times, Nov. 3, ture and its politically motivated grain exports and at the same time for this country

to endure continued Soviet harassment in its access to Berlin. At the very least, our negotiators could insist on a clear reciprocal understanding of the technical arrangements involved in Western access.

Similarly, we could demand that the Soviets lift their travel restrictions within Russia. Indeed, a political quid pro quo should be sought in the case of other so-called non

political, technical arrangements.

For many years, for reasons of political prestige and also as a precedent, the Soviet Union has been very anxious to establish direct American-Soviet air links. Perhaps there is no reason to oppose such links, but it might be preferable to negotiate about them in the context of a reciprocal Soviet willingness to meet some of our political objectives.

Of course, proponents of the purely "economic" approach might say that if our position is too hard, the Soviet Union will buy the wheat somewhere else. That may be true, but the argument is not entirely convincing. If the Soviet Union could easily buy wheat elsewhere, then why does it not do so?

It either wishes to deal directly with the United States because that would strengthen the impression in the West and elsewhere of an American-Soviet detente-an impression which intensifies Western European fears concerning the American position; or, conceivably, the Soviet Union does not see other markets so readily available and the American wheat is thus of some economic importance to it as well.

One may safely assume that the Soviet Union is not anxious to buy American wheat merely in order to reduce our balance-of-pay

1963]

UNITED STATES GIVES SOVIET COMPROMISE PLAN FOR WHEAT RATES SUGGESTS PROVIDING VESSELS FOR 20 TO 30 PERCENT OF GRAIN AT A COST OF $18 A TON-RUSSIANS WEIGH OFFER-APPROVAL WILL END DEADLOCKBULGARIA MAY PURCHASE $8 MILLION IN TOBACCO

(By William M. Blair) WASHINGTON, November 2.-The United States has moved to break the impasse on its shipping rates that has held up sales of wheat to the Soviet Union.

A new proposal, which the Russians are understood to be considering over the weekend, would involve concessions by both sides. It includes a lowered U.S. cargo rate and a division of $250 million worth of wheat between American and foreign-flag vessels.

The sale of up to 4 million tons of wheat has been blocked because U.S. cargo schedules have been $10 to $13 or more higher than foreign charter charges for shipments to Black Sea and Baltic ports.

STIPULATION BY KENNEDY

President Kennedy stipulated that wheat sold to the Soviet Union and its satellites should be carried in American vessels, as available, supplemented by foreign ships.

It is understood that the United States is willing to provide a cargo rate of $18 a ton if 20 to 30 percent of the wheat is carried in American vessels. Payment for this amount would be in dollars or gold.

The $18-a-ton rate compares with the $21 a ton recently offered by a group of trampship owners to move wheat to the Soviet Union. The tramp-ship operators, whose unscheduled vessels ply between any ports where cargo is available, recently reduced their rate by $5 from $26 a ton.

FOREIGN SHIPS TO BE USED Presumably, the remainder of the wheat purchase, 70 to 80 percent, would be carried by foreign vessels at the world charter rate of about $12.50 a ton. This amount of wheat would be paid for through normal commercial credits of about 18 months.

The $18-a-ton figure was said to have been worked out with American tramp-ship owners, whose vessels are regarded as most suitable by wheat shippers, at an unannounced meeting earlier this week in New York. It was understood that ship repre

sentatives and officials of the Commerce Department had agreed that ships or tankers of larger capacities-16,000 to 20,000 tonscould handle nearly 720,000 tons of the

wheat.

Later, it was said, one other shipping line had offered to handle 200,000 more tons. This would put the amount of wheat to go in American vessels at 920,000 tons, or about 23 percent of the projected total shipments.

A survey by shipowners and Government officials indicated that the 23 percent was about all that could be carried by the U.S.flag ships now available.

A division of the shipment between U.S.and foreign-flag vessels has been regarded as the most likely solution. If acceptable to the Russians, the Maritime Administration will set a guideline for U.S. shippers. In effect, the guideline would be a ceiling rate of $18 a ton.

If the rate quoted by a shipowner to a private grain trader who negotiates a sale to the Russians falls within the $18-a-ton schedule, the Maritime Administration would certify the ship as available. The Department of Commerce then could issue an export license for the sale.

There was speculation in trading circles on what concessions would be made to shipowners for meeting the $18 rate. It is known that in the first meeting here of shipowners with the Maritime Administration last week the shippers sought a 10-percent increase in rates for shipments of surplus agricultural products under foreign aid programs.

Under Federal law, 50 percent of foreign aid shipments must be made in U.S. ships. This requirement would not apply to the proposed sale of wheat to the Soviet Union because it would be made by commercial companies.

The shipowners argued that there had been rates since 1957, and that since then their costs, including labor, had risen.

The division of the wheat shipments would also placate foreign maritime nations. Several countries have informally protested that the "American bottoms" condition laid down by President Kennedy was discriminatory and contrary to U.S. endorsement of free trade principles.

Several countries were considering a strong, concerted representation, or informal diplomatic protest, to the United States on the wheat sale. These included Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Greece and possibly Japan. Norway was one of the first to

protest.

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ALCOHOL SALE POSSIBLE

The Russians were also understood to be interested in buying some 300,000 tons of industrial alcohol, possibly for use in the manufacture of fertilizer. Premier Khrushchev has called on Soviet farm planners to produce more fertilizer to increase food production.

A major surprise among the pending applications was for an $8 million sale of tobacco to Bulgaria. It was said that Bulgaria, which grows tobacco, must need tobacco to keep her mills running. The application was made by the A. C. Monk Co. of Farmville, N.C.

The applications covering wheat were for 100,000 long tons of wheat for $7,600,000 by Cargill, Inc., of Minneapolis and 50,000 long tons for $4,200,000 by the Continental Grain Co. of Minneapolis. A long ton is 2,240 pounds.

The first application for cotton called for the sale of 375,000 pounds of cotton linters at $17,500 to the Soviet Union. It was filed by Reis & Co. of New York.

Export licenses already have been issued for $7,900,000 in agricultural products since the President approved such sales on Octo

A check of licenses issued turned up a sale to East Germany of soybeans and tobacco. The total sale was $896,000. The other sales were of corn, soybeans, and soybean meal to Hungary.

THE 182D ANNIVERSARY OF ELECTION OF JOHN HANSON, OF MARYLAND, AS FIRST PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED

Mr. BEALL. Mr. President, today is the 182d anniversary of the election of John Hanson, of Maryland, as the first President of the United States in Congress assembled. That election came under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. It preceded the adoption of the Constitution of the United States and the election of George Washington as President by 7 years.

It is the restrictive words "in Congress assembled" that keeps John Hanson's name from the list of U.S. Presidents, and from the No. 1 spot in that list.

As a Member of the Continental Congress, John Hanson, of Maryland, was elected President of the Continental Congress on November 5, 1781.

John Hanson should be remembered and honored, not only as "technically" the first President of the United States, but also for his part in helping to put Maryland into the Confederation and in the early formation of our Nation.

John Hanson was born at Mulberry Grove, near Port Tobacco, Charles County, Md., on April 3, 1715. After pursuing an academic course in school and engaging in farming, he became a member of the Maryland House of Delegates. Here he served for nine terms. John Hanson was elected to the Maryland Senate in 1757 and served in the Senate until 1773. He moved to Frederick County and was quite active in pre-Revolutionary matters. He was a delegate to the General Congress in Annapolis in 1774, and was a member of the Maryland Convention of 1775 which issued the declaration known as the Association of Free Men of Maryland.

Following this, John Hanson became a Member of the Continental Congress and its President.

History credits Hanson with helping to put Maryland into the Confederation at a time when many residents of the State wanted to go it alone. It was later recognized that Maryland's teamplay in the Confederation seasoned her for the Union later on.

It was in his capacity as President of the Continental Congress that John Hanson tendered Gen. George Washington, on November 28, 1781, the thanks of the Congress for Washington's victory at Yorktown.

When John Hanson retired from public life he settled at Oxon Hill in Prince Georges County, Md. Thus John Hanson, the first President of the United States "in Congress assembled" was States "in Congress born, educated, worked, served his country, retired, and died in his beloved State of Maryland.

Incidentally, a grandson, Alexander Contee Hanson, served in the U.S. Senate with distinction.

In my opinion, Mr. President, it is well for us to hold on to the memory of these great men who helped form our great Nation, destined to lead the world. We remember and honor John Hanson, of Maryland.

STAY-IN-SCHOOL EFFORTS PAY OFF

Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, in this 1st session of the 88th Congress, I have attempted to identify myself with the efforts of this body to solve some of the great problems that confront our Nation's younger citizens. I have supported the Youth Employment Act, the Manpower Development Act, the Vocational Education Act, the Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act, and several corollary pieces of legislation that, while not directly affecting youth, will, in the long run, greatly aid them.

All of these are good, sound programs that reflect a concern for the well-being of our Nation's most precious resourceits youth.

However, my remarks today are not to extol the virtues of any program of Washington origin. Today, I wish to call attention to what a group of aroused and dedicated citizens have done in order to insure a brighter future for the young people of Indianapolis, Ind.

All of us realize the importance of education to our Nation as a whole and to each individual. The results of inadequate educational attainment are lower earning capacity, higher rates of unemployment, dependence upon public aid and higher rejections for military service.

While this is realized, statistics still tell us that 30 to 40 percent of the pupils currently in the fifth grade will not remain in school to receive their high school diplomas. Therefore, if present trends continue, we as a nation will have 72 to 8 million high-school dropouts in this decade.

While the Indianapolis problem is not as great as it is in larger metropolitan areas, Indianapolis women realize that unless this problem was met head-on,

it would soon assume alarming proportions.

Therefore, a stay-in-school project was initiated. Its purpose was to encourage would-be high school dropouts to continue their education. The project was sponsored by the Indianapolis News and under the skillful guidance of Mrs. Margaret Moore. Mrs. C. B. LaDine is chairman of the stay-in-school committee.

Under their direction, 107 women received dropout lists from Indianapolis public high schools. These volunteers immediately wrote letters to prospective dropouts in order to determine the cause of their failure to return to school. Person-to-person visits were then carried out. If lack of proper clothing, or money for lunches, bus tickets, or books, was the cause of leaving school, these funds or supplies were provided. Part-time jobs were found for those needing them. Remedial reading facilities were made available to slow readers.

The results-257 would-be dropouts in the Indianapolis area are in classes this very minute due to the hard work of these civic-minded women.

As I see it, there are two things of significance about this program. First, the entire project required no public funds. Local initiative and foresight supplanted the use of taxpayers' dollars. Second, the comprehensive nature of this program, coupled with the extra effort of the volunteers insured success. A careful reading of this article shows that the Indianapolis public school system, the press, the Indiana Literacy Council, private tutors, women's clubs, church groups, and sororities were well mobilized.

The wide-range causes for the dropouts demand nothing less than a comprehensive approach to the problem. This method was complemented by the many extra hours of difficult and taxing work of the 107 volunteers.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have this article reprinted in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for the benefit of any and all who wish to help youth help themselves. I ask Members of the Senate to join me in congratulating these dedicated, hard-working women.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

STAY-IN-SCHOOL EFFORTS PAY OFF (By Margaret Moore) Personal counseling by volunteer women has prompted the return of 157 dropouts to Indianapolis schools.

In addition, more than 100 other youths returned to classes last week as a result of personal letters written by volunteer women, and phone conversations with dropouts.

A total of 107 women, volunteers in the News stay-in-school drive, are responsible for the success of the project. The person-toperson program required weeks of work including home visits, arrangements for clothing, lunches, bus tickets, books and fees, remedial reading, and employment.

Mrs. C. B. LaDine, president of Seventh District Federation of Clubs, is chairman of the stay-in-school committee.

The project was carried out in cooperation with Indianapolis public schools, and needs of youths were established through investigation.

The returning dropouts who had personto-person counseling are enrolled as follows: Arlington, 2; Attucks, 58; Howe, 3; Manual, Washington, 11, and Wood, 7. 2; Northwestern, 1; Shortridge, 6; Tech, 66;

Many of the others are enrolled in evening schools at Attucks, Tech, and Washington. Some dropouts whose families moved were assisted in enrolling in Marion County schools and elsewhere in Indiana. Dropouts from Broad Ripple with whom volunteers

worked returned to other schools.

One Indianapolis dropout, through help of City, and another in Germany. a volunteer woman, is enrolled in New York

Names of dropouts were listed by principals of all Indianapolis high schools and given to the News stay-in-school committee.

Personal letters were mailed by the women volunteers to all these dropouts. Enclosed in the letters were stamped, addressed return cards listing many reasons for dropping out bus tickets, books or fees, glasses, of school-need of a job, clothing, lunches, remedial reading, babysitter, advice on career, etc. Dropouts were asked to check their needs in order to return to school.

The entire project has required no public funds. Women's clubs, church groups, sororities, and other organizations have made candy sales, benefit style shows, book reviews, contributions from bazaars, chili suppers,

and apron sales.

Seven organizations have chosen aid to dropouts as a year-round project.

CLOTHING PROVIDED FOR MANY

Sixty-three youths who stayed at home many days because they were ashamed of their clothes are in classes now with attractive and serviceable outfits.

Mrs. J. C. Fix, chairman, Mrs. Russell Justice, Mrs. Harvey Shawver, Mrs. Robert Udell, Eva J. Lewis, and other volunteers manned a room provided for clothes at the YWCA, 329 North Pennsylvania. More than 2,000 items of school clothes have been given by individuals and groups.

A 17-year-old who had been classed as a "slow learner" was fitted with his first pair of glasses.

"I can see for the first time since I was in the sixth grade," he told his volunteer

counselor.

Arrangements for nursery school were made for the 4-year-old child of a teenage mother who wanted to return to school in order to support the little boy.

Thirty-three jobs, part-time and 40-hour week, have been obtained for returning drop

outs who could not return to school without means to help themselves or needy families.

Mrs. Harold E. Rodden, employment chairman of the volunteer project, worked with personnel directors of retail stores, industries, and other firms, in placing the youths.

HELP IN READING PROVIDED

Two high school graduates, whose names inadvertently appeared on the dropout list provided by schools, were aided in obtaining college scholarships.

Twenty-one returning dropouts are receiving assistance in remedial reading by volunteer teachers headed by Dr. Margaret Fisher, president of the Indiana Literacy Council.

Inability to read was one of the chief causes of dropouts counseled by the volunteer women. Many have been placed in special classes.

"I couldn't read in the fifth grade," an 18-year-old girl told Mrs. O. U. Mutz. "And I didn't learn in the sixth or seventh. Nobody seemed to care then."

Seventy-five percent of the returning dropouts told women volunteers that lack of direction and personal counseling caused them to leave school.

Five young married women, neighbors in a five-block area, returned to evening school through help of interested women.

"We read about others going back to school," a 24-year-old mother of three said. "And we decided we couldn't wait any longer

to finish high school. We want to be better able to take care of our families."

Mrs. Addison Dowling, one of the 28 volunteer women who worked last year on a pilot project in which 28 dropouts returned, has helped to rehabilitate an entire family.

"I can't fail," the teenage girl in the family told Mrs. Dowling. "Because you care so

much."

Miss Belle Ramey, another former teacher who has helped with the pilot project and this year's big-scale program, went to three schools to help her three pupils register.

Mrs. David Cook, Mrs. L. R. Mottern, Mrs. Hugh Gibson, Mrs. William Weisell, Mrs. Bruce Richards, Mrs. Floyd Hughett, and other women can take credit for getting more than one youth back in school. Sara C. Ewing aided nine dropouts this fall in returning to pupil status.

STUDY TABLES ARE ARRANGED

All 107 women plan to follow through with the young people assigned to them and assist them to stay in school.

Mrs. Ernest Campbell heads a group of former teachers who have offered to tutor these young people during the year.

Twenty-nine parent groups have offered to set up study tables in their areas and keep on the lookout for potential dropouts in elementary and high schools.

Leaders of the stay-in-schol committee have been asked to speak to caseworkers of the children's division, Marion County Department of Public Welfare, Wednesday

morning. Miss Helen Heady, director, said, "I'm sure the workers can help to encourage children to work harder and take more interest in school."

Camp Fire leaders of the Central Indiana Council who will meet Tuesday also have asked the volunteer stay-in-school women to speak on "Stay-in-School Pointers."

OTHER CITIES ASK INFORMATION

Requests for the pattern used by Indianapolis women are being received almost daily from across the Nation.

L. M. Livingston, principal of North Vernon High School, has asked Mrs. LaDine, Mrs. Marshall Lincoln, and Margaret Moore to speak to high school teachers and volunteer women at North Vernon on October 8.

"We hope you'll let us use your plan in Crawfordsville," Judge Howard A. Sommer of Montgomery Circuit Court, said. "We want you to come to Crawfordsville to talk with volunteers."

Mrs. David W. Martin, Fort Wayne, first vice president of the Indiana Federation of Clubs, and Mrs. Parke Jessup, Westfield, education chairman, have reports from eight counties where the Indianapolis plan is to be initiated. Club women will help to get dropouts back in school.

Congressman DONALD BRUCE, Member of the House Committee on Education, has asked leaders of the movement to testify before the committee in Washington.

Congressman WILLIAM BRAY, of Martinsville, said, "there's no parallel to the Indianapolis person-to-person plan in the United States. We could lick the national dropout problem by initiating this program through women's groups across the country."

Gov. Matthew E. Welsh has asked the Indianapolis women to make their returnto-school plan available to two State groups.

"The Indiana Legislative Advisory Commission on Dropouts and the Indiana Youth Council will welcome your assistance," he said. "I suggest you meet with both groups and help them solve the statewide problem."

Pierre Salinger, Press Secretary to President John F. Kennedy, wrote to Mrs. Lincoln from the White House this week asking for full information on the Indianapolis plan to refer to the President.

Dr. Phillip D. Gaffney, of the Education Department, Arizona State University, has requested information about the return of dropouts in Indianapolis for his classes in education.

ABILENE

REPORTER-NEWS REPORTS ON TEXANS IN THE PEACE CORPS

Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, I am pleased and proud that my fellow Texans are playing such an important role in the Peace Corps, one of the greatest successes of this administration.

In order to share with my colleagues the work Texans are doing in the Peace Corps, I ask unanimous consent that the following article by Ned Curran in the Abilene (Tex.) Reporter-News be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD. as follows:

PEACE CORPS IS TEXAS FLAVORED (By Ned Curran)

Richard Moos, of Hondo, is even closer to home, in El Salvador where he is busily engaged in trying to show the natives literally how to make better hay. It seems there is no haymaking in the little country despite lush growth and long dry spells. Moos is using new grass varieties and trench silos to change all that.

"Minding the store" in Washington is a covey of Texans who operate the business end of the Corps. Moyers, who is second in command to Director Sargent Shriver, is considered one of the outstanding men in Government. At 28 he was one of the youngest Presidential appointments in history to be confirmed by the Senate.

Moyers was graduated from the University of Texas and won a Rotary International scholarship for a year's study abroad. He was information director for the Southwest Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth before joining the then Senator JOHNSON'S

staff in 1959.

HARDIN-SIMMONS UNIVERSITY GRADUATE
A trio of Texans help publicize the Peace
Corps at home and abroad. Deputy Associate
Director for Public Affairs is Lloyd Wright, of
Hale Center; Phillip D. Hardberger, of O'Don-
nell, is communications director; and Ruth

WASHINGTON.-Even the Peace Corps has Schumm, of Dallas, is a special feature writer. a Texas look.

From Deputy Director Bill Moyers to a 76year-old volunteer from Dallas, the Corps is shot through with nearly 160 Texans. And Vice President LYNDON JOHNSON is Chairman of the Peace Corps Advisory Council.

The real Peace Corps image, of course, is being formed by the volunteers of which there are a total of 5,466 overseas. Of these, 153 are Texans, ranking the State 11th in the Nation as a wellspring for Peace Corps workers.

The Texas corpsmen are scattered from Pakistan to Nigeria and represent almost as divergent areas of this home State. Their hometowns stretch from El Paso to Baytown.

Perhaps the most unusual Texan in the Corps is 76-year-old Ralph Cole of Dallas. A civil engineer before he became a volunteer, Cole is now in Pakistan doing the same kind of work. He is not above a little diplomacy either, according to a Peace Corps report.

Cole is asked continually by the Pakistanis why the United States keeps giving arms aid to India without insisting on settlement of the Kashmir border dispute between India and Pakistan. Cole's stock an

swer is that "they're doing it all without

my permission."

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In the neighboring new Federation to Malaysia, Marilyn Billimek, a nurse from Edinburg, is plying her trade in a hospital. The most trouble, according to Marilyn, "to keep from spinning my wheels in trying to find workable substitutes for ordinary things like cleansing tissue and diapers."

There are two Texans in Brazil, slightly closer to home, Nelson Jacob of Goliad and John S. Alfred, of Baytown. Both are in agricultural extension work and Jacob doubles as an English teacher in a remote hamlet. Commenting on the graduation custom in his school in which the students choose their sponsor both for graduation and a dance afterwards, Jacob reported that he was picked by the "ugliest girl in the class."

Wright, who helps direct recruiting and information and advertising, is a HardinSimmons graduate, president of the HardinSimmons University Student Council in 1952-53. He is also a former publicist for Texas Baptist organizations.

Hardberger, another Texas Baptist alumnus, is a Baylor graduate and possessor of a varied newspaper and writing background. Miss Schumm was formerly with the Washington bureau of the Dallas Morning News and then a member of Vice President JOHNSON's staff. She is one of Washington's best known newspaper women.

TEXAS HAS OPPORTUNITY TO RE-
PEAL ITS POLL TAX ON NOVEM-
BER 9

Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
this past weekend, Saturday, November
2, I had the pleasure of speaking at an
antipoll tax rally in Corpus Christi, Tex.,
sponsored by the league of women vot-
also addressed by the mayor of Corpus
ers and other groups. This meeting was
Christi and a number of other speakers.

Texas has an election on November 9, 1963, and on the ballot will be a proposed amendment to the State constitution to allow a vote for or against repeal of the poll tax as a prerequisite for voting in elections. The league of women voters has performed a distinguished public service in Texas in bringing this vital issue to public attention, and in leading the fight for repeal.

There being no objection, the excerpt was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

The poll tax is a barricade to voting. The records prove it. It is a startling fact that of the 11 States with a poll tax requirement for voting since 1920, all 11 States had the 11 worst records for low percentage of people voting in the entire United States in national elections in 1958 and again in 1960.

Let's take 1960 first. A State-by-State breakdown of voter percentages in votes cast in November 1960, for presidential electors, shows the 11 States with a poll tax history since 1920, have the worst 11 State voting records in this order, and I quote from Census Bureau figures:

North Carolina, 40th with 54.3 percent of adults voting.

Tennessee, 41st with 50.6 percent of adults Voting.

Florida, 42d with 49.8 percent of adults voting.

Louisiana, 43d with 45.7 percent of adults voting.

Texas, 44th with 43.4 percent of adults voting.

Arkansas, 45th with 41.7 percent of adults voting.

Virginia, 46th with 34.4 percent of adults voting.

South Carolina, 47th with 31.5 percent of adults voting.

Georgia, 48th with 31.3 percent of adults voting.

Alabama, 49th with 31.2 percent of adults voting.

Mississippi, 50th with 25.6 percent of adults voting.

Of these 11 States, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas still have a poll tax. Of the remaining six with a poll tax history, Tennessee abolished the poll tax as a voting requirement in 1959; South Carolina in 1950; Georgia, 1945; Florida, 1937; Louisiana, 1934; North Carolina, 1920. Regardless of why an individual State may have decided to impose a poll tax, there is absolutely no question that it has served as a shackle on the potential voter, a barrier to the ballot box, a blockade on a full voter participation, and continues to do so where

By contrast, some of the States with higher
1960 are:
turnout of adults voting for President in

Idaho with 80.6 percent of adults voting.
New Hampshire with 80.6 percent of adults

voting.

Utah with 79.9 percent of adults voting. South Dakota with 78.8 percent of adults voting.

California with 70.6 percent of adults voting.

New York with 67.6 percent of adults voting.

Back in 1958 the same 11 States with a poll tax history at sometime since 1920, still ranked as the 11 with the lowest and worst voting record. At that time there were only 48 States. The position of the 11 poll tax States changed a little, but they still had the worst voting percentage turnout of the 48 States. Here is how they ranked in the November 1958 election, in votes for U.S. Representatives:

Those of us who have worked for years
for abolition of the poll tax as a shackle
on the voter of low income are pointing
out that vast confusion will result in
Texas when the Federal amendment the adult population voting.
passes, if Texas retains a poll tax on the
State level.

Because there is some national inter-
est in the outcome of Texas' November
9 election for or against repeal of the
poll, I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD, an excerpt from
my remarks at an antipoll tax rally held
in Exposition Hall in Corpus Christi,
Nueces County, Tex., on November 2,
1963.

North Carolina, 38th with 24.7 percent of

Virginia, 39th with 19.8 percent.
Tennessee, 40th with 18 percent.
Florida 41st with 17.4 percent.
Texas, 42d with 14.5 percent.
Alabama, 43d with 13.2 percent.
Louisiana, 44th with 10.4 percent.
Georgia, 45th with 6.9 percent.
South Carolina, 46th with 6.4 percent.
Arkansas, 47th with 5.8 percent.

Mississippi, 48th with only 5.3 percent. The 11 States with a poll tax history ranked the lowest, though 6 had repealed their poll taxes, some a generation ago. Once a State

suffers voter discrimination for a long period of years because of the poll tax barrier, the re

moval of that barrier does not result in all

adults voting immediately. Years are required before the majority of adults, barred from voting by the poll tax, acquire the habit of voting after that poll tax shackle is cast off. Texas needs to cut down the poll tax bars, and to begin the job of training her people for full voter participation. History shows that it will take years of hard work by many people and organizations to rid a majority of adult Texans of the generationsold habit of not voting.

I am coauthor of the proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States (the impending 24th amendment) which would abolish the poll tax as a requirement to vote in Federal elections for Members of Congress, the Vice President, and President. This amendment, which required ratification by three-fourths of the States before becoming a part of the Constitution, has already been ratified by 36 State legislatures. Ratification by only two more States are needed, and this amendment will be a part will be a part of the Federal Constitution by March 1964, before the next elections in Texas and the Nation. But this amendment will apply only to Federal elections; it will not remove the poll tax requirement in elections for candidates for State or local office, for Governor or the State legislature.

of the Constitution. I am confident that it

If the Federal amendment is adopted and

we are faced next year with the prospect of a poll tax requirement on the State level and no poll tax on the Federal level, Texas will gain a doubtful distinction; it will rank first as a State of election confusion.

If the Texas poll tax is not repealed on November 9, each person who wants to vote in Texas in the 1964 elections will have to qualify under two sets of qualification requirements, one in Federal elections, the other in State and county elections. There would be two separate ballots, two separate ballot boxes, two different qualified voter lists. We would have confusion confounded, and chaos at the ballot box. The failure to

repeal the Texas poll tax amendment would make voting in Texas the most difficult governmental effort since Reconstruction days. It would deny democracy and promote chicanery and confusion.

It would be hard to tell who should vote and, afterwards, who won what election. We would have thousands and thousands of people going to the polls to cast a vote for their President, only to find they cannot vote for Governor. Confusion would reign.

For a straightforward election in the best traditions of the American people, the poll tax amendment should be repealed, and all voters enabled to vote for all officers with one qualification, on one ballot at one ballot box, as Texans have been accustomed to doing.

PADRE ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE RECREATION AREA PROMISES BOTH RECREATIONAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS

Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, the achievements of this administration and the 87th Congress in conservation of hundreds of miles of seashore in three new national seashore recreation areas, exceeds the record of any previous Congress in this field. Padre Island, Cape Cod, and Point Reyes were added to the national seashore heritage.

As author of the Senate bill which led to establishing of the National Seashore Recreation Area on Padre Island, off the gulf coast of Texas, last year, I have been pleased to see borne out the promise of economic benefit to my State as a result

of the enactment of this bill. of the enactment of this bill. The primary reason for preservation of a natural resource in its primitive state is to insure its availability to the public for all time. However, the economic benefits are important, too.

for national seashore status. A restudy of the island was made in 1947 and again the

recommendation was for administration by the National Park Service for public use and enjoyment. The complete survey of the Atlantic and gulf coasts in 1954 and 1955 again pointed to Padre Island as a national seashore. In December 1957, National Park Service authorized a study to "detemine definitely and finally the feasibility of such a project."

One of the reasons we were enabled to pass the Padre Island bill in the Senate and House and later to win enabling legislation in Texas was the foresight and hard work of many people in Texas. A good example is Cameron County Judge Oscar C. Dancy, who worked not only in his home territory, but who came to Washington several times at his own expense to testify in hearings on the Padre terior to acquire lands and waters within a

Island bill.

Cameron County has also been responsible under Judge Dancy's leadership for 40 years for development of a part of Padre Island not included in the 811⁄2 miles of national seashore area. To illustrate the economic benefits already accruing in my home State as a result of increased tourist interest in Padre Island, even though the Federal Government has only recently begun acquisition of the open beach, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the RECORD two articles: First, "Seashore Beckons Padre: Na

tional Mecca" from the Houston Chronicle of September 8, 1963; and "Padre Island's Siren Song," from Texas Game and Fish, October 1963.

There being no objection, the articles were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

[From the Houston (Tex.) Chronicle,
Sept. 8, 1963]

PADRE: NATIONAL MECCA CORPUS CHRISTI.-Confident Texans expect that 80 miles of seashore area in its natural state will soon become dotted with thousands of vacationers, sportsmen, campers, birdwatchers, and photographers. The newly authorized Padre Island National Seashore Area is destined to spark unprecedented tourist activity for the Lone Star State, especially around the Gateway City-Corpus Christi-a booming resort area in its own right.

The seashore area, to be in full swing by 1965, is expected to be a tourist magnet for the entire State. Travel spokesmen feel it will draw thousands of new visitors from all over the United States, Canada, and Mexico to the bustling resort metropolis of Corpus Christi where almost 200,000 permanent residents already welcome some 100,000 out-oftown visitors and convention delegates annually.

The Padre Island National Seashore is on the south Texas coast of the Gulf of Mexico between Corpus Christi and Brownsville. It is bounded on the west by the warm waters of Laguna Madre, with its exceptional waterfowl and fish, and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico.

The island, a 110-mile-long strip of sand than 4 miles wide and, at the crest of one of that hugs the Texas gulf coast, is no more its numerous dunes, is only a few feet high.

The National Park Service of the Department of the Interior has set aside three other public areas for seashore recreation: Cape Hatteras, N.C.; Point Reyes, Calif.; and Cape Cod, Mass.

Official interest in Padre Island as a national seashore dates back to 1934 when a under the emergency conservation work prosurvey of the Texas gulf coast was made gram. At that time the island was recommended as a national beach park. In 1940, another study was made of the Texas gulf coast, and Padre Island was recommended

Congressional legislative action begun in 1958, was climaxed when President John F. Kennedy signed the Padre seashore bill into law on September 28, 1962, almost 30 years after the first studies recommending the area. The law authorizes the Secretary of the Indescribed area encompassing somewhere near 237,600 acres, including a large amount of State lands.

The law provides that State and county owned lands may be acquired only with the consent of the State. To this end, the Texas legislature enacted, and the Governor approved in April 1963, legislation consenting to the acquisition and directing the school the State lands (except minerals) within the land board to convey to the United States, authorized seashore boundary. Formal transfer of the deed to Texas-owned land in

the seashore area to the Federal Government was accomplished on August 23, in Austin.

Congress has appropriated $1.5 million to start immediate acquisition of private property within the seashore area.

A superintendent, a land acquisition officer and a chief park ranger, together with their clerical help will be the nucleus of the seashore staff until sufficient land has been acquired to begin development.

Early stages of development will stress facilities for picnic and camping areas, fishing piers, trailer parks, marinas, and visitor centers.

Concession stands, overnight accommodations and other private development projects are expected to be built outside the park

area.

The National Park Service is expected to build roads into the seashore area from each end of the island with access spurs to the beach, campgrounds, and other visitors' facilities.

[From the Texas Game and Fish magazine, October 1963]

PADRE ISLAND'S SIREN SONG

(By Jack Galloway)

The silver shaft of waveswept sand stabs its way 117 miles down the southern Texas coastline. Honed by the endless caress of the surf, whetted by the salt breeze and tempered by the fire of a blazing summer sun, the knife-blade profile of Padre Island is cutting deeply into the hearts of vacationers from throughout the Nation.

Steeped in history and luxuriating in loveliness, the very sands themselves seem to whisper the echoes of Cabeza de Vaca,

kawa Indians. But these early travelers left Pineda, Padre Balli, and the cannibal Karanlittle of lasting note behind, save an occasional handful of Spanish coins uncovered by indefatigable beachcombers, and a histo this semitropical island playground. torical flavor that adds its own special lure

Now the island is being discovered for the umpteenth time, this time by the modern day band known as tourists, and it appears likely that their mark will prove indelible. On Padre Island's southern tip, the influx of La Belle Touriste is bringing permanent and lasting change. But no one is complaining; it's a long island, with lots of room.

The responsibility for this change rests primarily on the needs of the vacationing public itself, but more directly on the operation of what is perhaps the most ambitious county park system in the entire State.

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