and twenty other men of high rank of the same kind." --Letters from Paris, by Grimm's grandson, in the London Magazine. HAYTI. A few of those persons of color, who left the United States for Haytı, with something like a hope of there finding pigs ready roasted running through the whole country, and crying out please to eat me, have returned; for the fact turns out to be, that subsisténce must be earned by labor in Hayti, as well as in the United States. On this account, the following letter has been addressed to the editor, and published in the United States Gazette-: population amounted, in 1726, to 100,000 negroes, and 30,000 whites. In 1775, by the estimate of M. Malouet, the numbers were 300,000 negroes, and 25,000 whites. In 1779, according to M. Neckar, the numbers were 249,098 slaves, 7,055 free blacks, and 3,650 whites-in all, 288,803 persons. In 1789, according to M. Morean de St. Mery, the slaves amounted to 432,000-according to Bryan Edwards, to 480,000, and they were stated, in the national assembly, by M. Prieur, in round numbers, at 500,000 blacks, and 40,000 whites: adding this, which is perhaps an exaggerated statement, to the inhabitants of the Spanish part, the whole population, at the commencement of the French revolution, could not Yes! 15 just arrived in the Stephen Girard, 15 or 20 exceed 650,000 souls. From that period, till 1909, in another vessel before, and 56 in the vessel in which when the French troops were expelled, the country the agents, Messrs. Barker and Williams, returned was laid waste by a succession of sanguinary wars; to New-York; several have come in other vessels. notwithstanding which the population of the island. They are coming back; probably 200 have returned, has increased in an astonishing degree; for, by the as the secretary had given out about that number of census taken in 1824, the actual population is given at passports the first of this month, and but few felt the 935.335 inhabitants. The armed force of the coungenerosity of the government, in thus freely giving up try is quite in proportion to its population; the reguall claim for passage out, and four months' provision lar troops, amounting to 45,520, and the national there, enough to determine them to remain after they guards 113,328, making a body of 158,848 men trainhad got their passports. Yes, 200 have come backed to arms. These estimates are official, and were dissatisfied; and this out of the small number of 6000 taken in pursuance of the proclamation of the presiand some hundreds, whose passages have been paid by dent of Hayti, dated 6th January, 1824. government. Surely, this is enough to discourage all The population will also receive an additional infurther emigration, notwithstanding the great number crease by the resolution adopted by president Boyer, of waiters, coachmen, shoe blacks, &c. who went in May last, to receive and allot lands to 6,000 free from our cities, engaging to become cultivators of blacks and men of color from the United States, to the land, which was the condition of the offers of pas-pay part of the expense of their passage, and to fursage, &c. and notwithstanding more than 200 would nish them with agricultural implements. The innot return here, for any thing short of the full enjoy-crease, then, notwithstanding the war, was, in 35 ment of their rights as men, are now worth hundreds, years, from 665,000 to 935,000. [Edinb. Review. in some instances, thousands of dollars, more than when they left the shores of their degradation, besides the boon above price, their liberty and equality, and AN IRISH GENTLEMAN-a Mr. Talbot, of the Talbot notwithstanding more than 2000 are well satisfied, settlement, Upper Canada, published a work, a few and are sending for their friends to join them in the months since, relative to that province, which is as delightful climate and rich soil of Hayti. Surely, if full of marvellous matters as any volume which has all emigrants from Europe to this country are de- come under our cognisance for some time past. Not lighted, and all from the old to the new western states to mention his assertion, that snow-fleas, previous to a are never home-sick, and never sigh to return to their thaw, cover the snow in such multitudes, that he had native vales, the emigration to Hayti ought to be stop-himself counted 1,296,000 upon a single square yard! ped, and the friends of our country, humanity and nor the asseveration, that the flies abound so much perfect freedom, ought to despair of all resource in in Canada, that a child cannot open its mouth without Hayti to assist in removing the crime and infamy of running the risk of being suffocated by the quantity our republic, and raising from their degradation and that eagerly try to descend down its throat-both of oppression, 2,000.000 of our countrymen. Surely which we are bound, in common courtesy, to take for the result is so bad,-200 have come back-the work facts-we were almost put to a dead-stand-still, when is hopeless-we must look only to the humane mode we read of the young man who, after spearing a sturof wiping away this evil and wrong, which a war of geon from his fishing boat, and being dragged into the extermination will afford in a slave insurrection, and water by the fish, floated for some time behind the which, the actual commission of such crimes, as sturgeon, by the aid of his instrument. At length, would have strung up Washington, and the leaders of growing weary of this mode, as who would not, he the revolution, could the British have caught the re- got astride of the fish, and converted the spear into a bels, will assist to accomplish by the halter and gib- bridle rein, and rode thus for nearly a mile, when the bet. And it will be no new thing. Greeks and Ro- poor fish yielded up his life to the prowess of his inans have done such things, to say nothing of Turks, rider!! Mr. Talbot expresses, very naturally, a and, indeed, a little of it has already been seen in our fear lest he should be suspected of exaggeration.republic. The eyes of, at least one, of our cities, He has some reason for his doubts. have been gratified with the sight of hanging men who would no longer be slaves. But, it must be submitted to; relief is hopeless-while the people will do nothing. L. D. DEWEY. Philadelphia, May 31, 1825. The original native population of Hayti, previously to its subjugation by the Spaniards, was estimated by the bishop Las Casas at 3,000,000. This was probably an exaggeration; but, though the numbers may have been much less, the falling off unquestionably was great after the conquest. In the 17th century, the island was divided between the Spaniards and French; and the former, in 1698, were estimated at 110,000 free persons, and 15,000 slaves. The French FOREIGN NEWS. The "Holy" ones. The meeting of the Holy Alliance in Italy is now said to be for the purpose of settling the affairs of Greece, South America, and even Portugal. France. The French chamber of peers have adopted the indemnity law, under certain modifications, confirming the possession of the holders of property confiscated during the revolution. Portugal. Letters from Lisbon announce that sir Charles Stewart meets with great obstacles in his attempts to persuade the king to recognize the independence of Brazil. Another account says that he has succeeded. Greece. Our last accounts from this interesting country are more cheering than those which had been previously received. It is stated that when it was known that the Egyptians had landed in the Morea, 33,000 volunteers appeared at the call of the government to repel them. The Hydra Journal manifests any other feeling than that of despondency or submission. The Greek ships are in fine order and well manned. It is stated that the dey of Algiers has sent the Porte 1,500,000 piastres, and was about to assist him with 12 vessels of war, one of them carrying 60 guns. Important events may soon be expected, for the campaign will be opened with great vigor on both sides. Miscellaneous Scraps, INTERESTING OR USEFUL. that he abolished the privilege of divorce. In the course of the following year, the number of mar riages in Agra was less than before by three thousand; the number of adulteries was greater by seven thousand; three hundred women were burned alive for poisoning their husbands; seventy-five men were burned for the murder of their wives; and the quantity of furniture broken and destroyed, in the interior of private families, amounted to the value of three millions of rupees. The emperor re-established the privilege of divorce." The government of the Netherlands has lately cast, at the iron works of Siraing, the head of the immense lion that is to ornament the grand national monument, on the plains of Waterloo. The weight of the head alone is 5,000 lb. or nearly 24 tons; the weight of the entire lion will be 60,000 lb. or nearly 30 tons, Eng The Pittsburg Gazette, it is said, was the first news-lish. paper printed west of the Alleghany mountains. It was established by Mr. Skull, on the 28th day of July, 1786. The perfection of printing and publishing, which, in England, has been produced by regular application of talent and capital, is now attempted in Paris, by the ardour of speculation and the redundance of money. Fifty volumes, at least, have been always thought well filled by Voltaire's works: now we are to have them all in one volume, at the price of 140 francs. A plaisant has made the following calculation of the whole expense of this volume to the readers; adding, that those, who do not mean to read, need not buy: First price Two pair of spectacles 140 francs. 100 It has been remarked, with justice, of the steam engine, in the last number of the Quarterly Review, that nothing is too great, nothing too small for this wonderful machine, which, like the proboscis of an elephant, can tear up an oak and pick up a pin; can forge, with equal ease, the heaviest anchor, and punch the eye of the finest needle; can twist the largest cable, draw out a fibre as delicate as the gossamer, and drag a first-rate man of war over the ocean; traversing the seas against winds and tides, and thus bring nations nearer to each other, by quickening their intercourse, and rendering it more fixed and certain. The famous French song-writer, Beranger, has sold another volume, containing 52 songs, to the booksellers, Bandou and Ladvocat, for 22,000 francs. Talma's last benefit, in Paris, (on the 21st March), was one of the most brilliant assemblages ever seen in the French capital. The vast salle of the operahouse was completely filled; and the receipts amounted to 35,000 francs, about 1,4001. sterling. The following the comparative difference between the proportions of two extraordinary charactors, lately, and at the same time, in Boston. Major Joseph Stevens, height 38 3-4 inches; weight 36 pounds; aged 21 years. While some workmen, (says the Loekport, N. Y. Observer), were splitting staves, in the town of Royalton, last week, a live frog was found in the timber, six inches from the out-side. The tree was perfectly sound, excepting the space occupied by the frog, which was just wide enough to admit its body. The Mr. Richard Seavers, usually called Big Dick, height number of grains, between where the frog lay and feet 3 3-4 inches; weight 306 pounds; circumfer the bark of the tree, was thirty. The frog appear-ence round the chest, 4 feet 2 inches; aged 38 years. ed lively, and evinced considerable joy on its release from confinement, by the free use of his limbs, which had been held so long in "durance vile." Maupertius, in a sketch of the life of Frederick the Great, has this observation:-"Many a private man might make a great king, but where is the king who could make a great private man, except Frederick." 6 We have mentioned the case of Mr. Ouvrad, who has been prosecuted for enormous frauds on the treasury of France during the last campaign in Spain, and in which many of the principal officers were supposed to be concerned. It appears that he is, at present, in prison, ou account of these things, where he lives like a prince. The following story is told of his incarceration:-On the same floor with his apartRussia has adopted a new plan to render escapes ments are two rooms, which he desired to have, pour from confinement more difficult; it consists in shav-s'arrondit-that is, to have all the flat: the jailor told ing one half of the heads of all prisoners, even those in irons and those detained for debt! Two large remittances, of gold and silver, recently arrived at St. Petersburgh, from Ickalerenburgh. The one amounted to 4,000 poods, (140,000 lb.), of silver; the other to 110 poods, (nearly 4,000 lb.), of gold. him he could not have the rooms, as they were hired by two debtors. "How much do they owe?" "About 10,000 francs." "Here is the money," said monsieur Ouvrad-and he paid the 10,000f. had the two rooms s'arrondit, and the two prisoners were set at liberty!! A new journal has been established at Rome, under the auspices of pope Leo XII. in which religious The following inscription is written, in large cha-matters are treated with very great ability. It is inracters, over the principal gate of the city of Agra, in tended to contain critical analysis of the new publiHindostan: "In the first year of the reign of king cations in opposition to, as well as in defence of, the Julief, two thousand married couple were separated, catholic religion, and treatises on the principal points by the magistrate, with their own consent. The em- of the Romish faith, together with the decrees and peror was so indignant, on learning these particulars, I decisions of the sacred college. Anecdote of the crowned prince of Prussia-When, | fessor Murchard, of Berlin, whose nephew, M. a short time ago, the new opera of Olympia, by Spon- Krautmann, was the fortunate discoverer of these tini, (of all the most trumpeting, drumming perform-interesting relicks of antiquity, is published in the ances in existence, the most loud), was acted at Berlin, last number of the Harmonicon. the prince royal, who, from patriotic motives, is no great friend to the composer, could stand the noise no longer, and left the house. It happened that, at the moment of his coming out, the twelve fifers, and as many drummers, who parade the streets of the capital every evening for the tattoo, passed by in full instrumental chorus. The prince immediately addressed himself to his attendant, and exclaimed: "Heaven be thanked, that we hear again a little soft music!" Krauterer has obtained a patent, for one year, for a A Vienna paper, of April S, states, that "M. Karl new invention, of which the following is the literal specification:-"A carriage, with a moring, straight, and endless iron rail-way, for the conveyance, as well of burdens, however heavy, as of travellers, with very little friction, and shaking as easily, quickly, and without noise, as with carriages on fixed iron rail-roads, without any greater expense of propelling By the act concerning piracy and barratry, which direction, over paved or unpaved roads, whether power, up or down hill, and in any optional lateral passed the French chamber of deputies on the 5th passing over meadow, clay, or sandy ground; lastly, ult. the want of papers on board, or the fact of bear-without causing dust or dirt in the roads, and withing commissions from two or more powers, consti-out injuring them." tute piracy; and every Frenchman who, without authority from the king, takes a commission from a foreign power to command a vessel armed for cruising, whom we had occasion to speak in our last paper, Cheraw, (S. C.), May 13. is declared a pirate. The opposition taxed the law has invented a new kind of furnace for melting pigMr. Joseph Bell, of with giving to all French vessels the right of search-metal, and casting machinery, &c. Within a forting every foreign vessel, a "right which the govern-night past, he has put one of his furnaces into operament had refused, as an injury and insult, when it tion in this place, and the period of time, required to was asked by other powers, under circumstances melt pig-metal in this furnace, is only about half of which warranted it more; that is, in relation to the that occupied by one of an ordinary kind. The great slave trade." economy, in building these furnaces, is still more The quantity of fuel, necessary to be used, is also inastonishing; the whole, expense not exceeding $80. finitely less. [Gazette. The proposed new criminal code of the Canton of the Grisons contains the following articles relative to duelling: priation of $170,000, for the British museum. This "If, at a concerted meeting, deadly weapons have been used, but without effect, the combatants shall be condemned to stand half an hour in the pillory. If a wound, more or less serious, has been inflicted, besides the pillory, confinement in the house of correction for a period of from two to four years is in-mote emigration to Canada, from Ireland. In the de curred. bly informed that 18 out of every 20 emigrants to Cabate on the resolution, Mr. Hume said, he was credinada passed over to the United States. "If the duel end in the death of one of the parties, his death is to be considered as deliberate murder, and the survivor to be capitally punished. "The punishment of the seconds, where death does not ensue, is the same as that of the principals; but if one of the combatants fall, the seconds are sentenced to six years imprisonment to hard labor," 1 There were two very fat noblemen at the court of Louis XV. the duke de LThey were both one day at the levee, when the king and the duke de Nbegan to rally the former on his corpulence. "You take no exercise, I suppose," said the king. "Pardon me, sire, said de Lround my cousin de N"I walk, twice a day, the embellishment of the metropolis, is one for the Kean had been playing at Manchester, but no ladies equally divided between sir Walter Scott and Mr. In the year ending the 5th of Jan 1825, 5,084,702 Discovery of ancient Greek tablets relative to music The doubtful character of all known accounts relative to the music of the ancient Greeks, and the obscurity in which the subject is consequently involved, chiefs, were introduced to the king-on which occarender interesting, in a particular degree, the disco- sion they fell on their knees; a singular position for an On the 9th of April last, four, (Canadian), Indian very of two documents of high antiquity and unques-Indian to be placed in before his fellow-man! They tionable authenticity, with the particulars of which all spoke French fluently, and the grand chief adwe here present our readers. The documents, to dressed the king as follows: which we allude, are two metal tablets, of a date, 709 years before the Christian era, on which is en-sence unless in answer to your majesty's questions: "I was instructed not to speak in the royal pregraved, in ancient Greek, an account of a music but my feelings overpower me; my heart is full; I feast at Epyræ, (Corinth), in the third year of the am amazed at such unexpected grace and condescensixteenth Olympiad, or in the year before Christ, 709, sion, and cannot doubt that I shall be pardoned for by Lasus, of Hermoine. An important addition to expressing our gratitude. The sun is shedding its gethe history of ancient Greek music is thus furnished, nial rays upon our heads. It reminds me of the interesting, alike, to the antiquary and to the lover of great Creator of the universe-of Him who can make the art, and which throws more light upon its nature alive and who can kill. Oh! may that gracious and and character, in those early ages, than all the la- beneficient Being, who promises to answer the ferbors of the numerous writers upon this subject. A vent prayers of his people, bless abundantly your most elaborate account, with the comments and his- majesty! may He grant you much bodily health; and," orical memoranda attached, by the celebrated pro- for the sake of your happy subjects, may He prolong 拌 your valuable life. It is not alone the four individuals) "QUIRY thereon, held by order of the honorable the who now stand before your majesty who will retain," secretary of the navy:-By D. PORTER.” to the end of their lives, a sense of this kind and touching reception; the whole of the nation, whose representatives we are, will ever love and be devoted to you their good and great father." The king replied in French, and observed, that he had listened, with great delight, to their affecting and loyal address; that he had always respected the excellent people who formed the various tribes in his North American possessions, and that he would avail himself of every opportunity to promote their welfare, secure their happiness, and prove himself to be, indeed, their father. A proposal is under consideration by the British government for an improved system of conveying the foreign mails. The plan suggested would extend to their most distant possessions in every quarter of the globe. It is calculated that the rapidity of conveyance would be such as to produce an average saving of two months' interest on the aggregate amount of foreign remittances. Three years are required for completing the arrangements necessary for establishing a general communication with every point from which foreign mails are received. The decision of government, on this proposition, was expected daily. One hundred artizans have sailed for Buenos Ayres in the ship Iphigenia. The pamphlet has the following dedication: Washington, May 11, 1825. And the following note, explanatory of the pub lisher's reasons for making the publication, is prefixed to it: ADVERTISEMENT. The reader will bear in mind that when I was recalled from my command to account for the affair at Foxardo, I pledged myself to justify it. By the conduct of the court, to which the subject was referred for investigation, I was driven from its presence, and prevented from making the explanations on which I founded my justification. Therefore, to redeem my pledge, I submit the following sheets: D. P. Having been displaced from my command, by or- I rest my justification on the laws of nations and of By the official returns, printed by the order of the house of commons, it appears that, in the year, ending on the 5th of January last, the quantity of raw silk, imported into Great Britain, was 3,047,705 lbs. of which, 1,047,640 lbs. came from France, I shall show, in the order I have placed them, how 1,307,800 3-16 lbs. from the East Indies and Chine, 334,444 lbs. from Italy, and 318,397 lbs. from Turkey. far I am justified on each of those grounds, and trust During the same period, 334,233 lbs. of thrown silk were imported from Italy, and 416 lbs. from that I shall not only fully acquit myself of any charge France. There were, also, 1 lb. of thrown silk im- of wickedness, wantonness, rashness, or indiscretion, ported from Spain, and 1-16 lb. from Malta. The but prove that I should have failed in my duty to my total quantity of silk, raw and thrown, imported, dur-country, had I not punished, by intimidation or otherIt is not, nor can it be, denied, that pirates are coning that year, was 3,382,357 10-16th lbs. The total wise, the people and government of Foxardo. amount of drawback paid on raw and thrown silk, man race; and, this being the case, it is the duty of and on manufactured silk goods, was 472,2551. 18s. 6d. sidered by the laws of nations the enemies of the huBy a return made to parliament, it appears that all nations to put them down. In the case of pirates, the number of houses, licensed for the reception of then, there are no neutrals; it being the duty of ali Junatics, in 1822, was 43; in 1823, 44; and in 1824, nations to put them down, all nations are allies against 47; and the number of lunatics confined in them, dur- them. In the case of belligerants, where the army of ing the first of these years, was 1,725; and during one party enters the territory of a neutral power, the army of the other has a right to follow it there; and the two last, 1,727. the right is strengthened if the pursuing army follow its enemy into the territory of an ally. This is the doctrine contained in my instructions. It is said that the embassy of the duke of Northumberland, (to be present at the coronation of the Spain, and the dependencies of Spain, are as much king of France), will cost nearly fifty thousand pounds, and that the expense will be borne entirely by himself. There will be, in his grace's train, near-bound as any others in the alliance for the suppresly a hundred persons: one half domestics, the rest sion of piracy, and if she fails in her obligation, she gentlemen. His grace's dress of state is a dark blue is responsible for the omission, and must necessarily coat, with stand-up collar: the collar, the cuffs, the suffer the inconveniences resulting from the endeavors front and face, composed of one solid mass of gold of others to put down the system, among which are the embroidery in leaves, forming a bold scroll: the destruction of fishermen's houses and boats on the The coasts of the islands frequented by pirates, the seiwaistcoat and breeches, white kerseymere. young noblemen, and gentlemen in the suite, will zure of suspicious vessels and persons, and the alarm wear the same kind of uniform, only less ornamental. and damage done in fresh pursuit. The comptroller of the household, and the other upper servants, will all wear court-dresses: the coat, of dark brown superfine cloth, with rich cut steel buttons, lined with white silk. Commodore Porter's Defence A pamphlet, of 106 pages, has just issued from the press at Washington, entitled "An exposition of the facts and circumstances which justify the EXPEDITION TO FOXARDO, and the consequences thereof, together with the PROCEEDINGS of the COURT OF IN 64 Of these she has no right to complain, if she makes no effort of her own to put down piracy, and heretoefforts of her own have been made, If, then, as the fore never has complained, even when considerable ally of Spain, we have a right to land on her shores; and having a right to land there, have a right also to all her "countenance and support," what follows if the right is denied to us? If, so far from giving us countenance and support, piracy is aided and abetted, an asylum is offered to pirates, and those who land in pursuit are seized and imprisoned, does not the nation, city, town or people, who thus made common cause with pirates, lose all respect for their own cha racter? forfeit all the respect of others? abandon the advantage of the common alliance? and become, not only the allies of pirates, but our open and active enemies, and justify us in treating them as such? As enemies, then, we have the certain and undoubted right to land, pursue, chastise, and intimidate them; and the principle is the same, whether they are the inhabitants of a fishing but, of a town, a city, a province, or a nation. The magnitude of the object makes no change in the principle; and what is justifiable in one case, is justifiable in the other: territorial immunity is as much invaded and violated by the burning of a hut, as by desolating a province. The punishment, in either case, must, of course, depend on circumstances, and the means of him who has it in charge to suppress piracy. The people and authorities of Foxardo, by the imprisonment of an American officer in pursuit of pirates, lost all respect for their own character by becoming, not only the allies of pirates, but our open nemies, and, of course, were not only not entitled to any respect from me, but laid themselves liable to chastisement, in the event of my means justifying the enterprise, which the first law of nature, self presergation, loudly called on me to undertake, for fear their example should become contagious, and much. inconvenience and bloodshed should be the consequence. The officers under my command have often been employed on duty similar to that of lieut. Platt, by my order: the orders given by me to them, have, in every instance, been in strict conformity with those of the secretary of the navy; and they have the same right to my protection in their execution, as I conceive I have to that of the secretary of the navy. Without the assurance of this right, where is the of ficer, let me ask, who would be willing to execute the orders of his superior? Acting on this principle, which is in accordance with common sense and justice, I undertook the enterprise to chastise and intimidate the authorities of a town, who had forfeited their character as allies to ts, by becoming the allies of pirates and our open enemies, as much to prevent a repetition of the offence they had committed, as to assure those under my command that they should receive every countenance, support and protection from me, in the performance of their lawful duties, and by that means encourage them to make laudable efforts to effect the objects for which the expedition to suppress piracy was fitted out. The manner of my performing this duty, I trust, needs no apology; it was done in a way best calculated to prevent an effusion of blood, and to secure the innocent inhabitants from injury: the object was effected in a manner not only to satisfy the officers and men under my command, that redress, under such injuries, was certain, but the people of Foxardo also, and others similarly situated, that numbers and distance were no security for them. The spiking of their guns was a matter of necessity. Had I not done so, there can be no doubt that some of us would have shared the fate of lieut. Cocke, who was killed from the batteries of St. John's, the capital of the same island in which Foxardo is situated, at a time when the character of the expedition and its object were both known to its chief, for which outrage no redress has yet been obtained, and which the strength of the place, and the weakness of the force under my command, prevented my seeking, forcibly, at the time it was committed. It is almost useless to quote from writers on international law, to support the principles I have stated to have guided me in my conduct, in relation to the affair at Foxardo; but, having said that I have acted in conformity to the laws of nations, it may be expect ed that I should, by good authority, support my assertion. Vattel is an author frequently quoted, and his authority may be deemed a sufficient guide for one who has all his life been engaged in other pursuits than the study of international law, and has been more frequently placed in emergencies, when he has been under the necessity of resorting to the resources of his own mind, than afforded the opportunity of referring to books as his guide. By a reference to book 3d, chap. 6th, sec. 94, of Vattel, it is stated, that "every associate of my enemy is, indeed, himself my enemy; it matters little whe ther any one makes war on me directly, and, in his own name, or under the auspices of another; whatever rights war gives me against my principal enemy, the like it gives me against all his associates." On this principle, then, the authorities and people of Foxardo became my enemies by associating with my enemies; and whatever right war gave me against the pirates, it gave me against Foxardo; and having this right, I should have been perfectly justifiable in making good my threat to burn the town, if it had not been ransomed by suitable concessions, and a promise, on the part of the authorities, to pursue, in future, a different course from the one that caused my visit there. As the allies of Spain against the common enemy,we had a right to its countenance and support, to the extent of its means, in pursuit of pirates; we had a right, as allies, to cross the territorial boundaries of Spain to pursue them; and in doing so, there was no cause for offence on the part of Spain, the object being lawful and usual; and resistance, therefore, to the exercise of this right, became an offence, on the part of Spain, and an injury to us, of which we have a right to complain, and to obtain redress. Vattel, book 2d, chap. 2d, sec. 19th, says, "nothing is more opposite to the duties of humanity, nor more contrary to the society which should be cultivated by nations, than offences or actions, which give a just displeasure to others; every nation, therefore, should avoid giving any real offence-I say a real; for should he, who manifests a displeasure at our behavior when we are only using our rights, or fulfilling our duties, he is to blame, not we." According to Vattel, not only Foxardo-not only Porto Rico, but Spain herself, is answerable for the conduct of her subjects; and, if she fails to restrain their mischievous and base attempts, lays herself liable to the same punishment as those who did the injury, and it is the duty of all nations to unite in treating her as the common enemy of mankind. For years past we have been suffering under the injuries we have received from the people and authorities of Porto Rico, and no redress has been obtained from the mother country; more, perhaps, from inability to restrain and control her colonies, than from any want of will on her part to do us justice. Porto Rico must, therefore, be considered, in a measure, independent of Spain, so far that Spain cannot, or will not, prevent a repetition of the injuries which have been the subject of complaint from us. We, therefore, have a right to use the means we have of obtaining redress or of inflicting punishment on her for inju ries, atonement for which is withheld from us; and it is the duty of all nations to unite with us, to treat the people of Porto Rico as the enemies of the human race. Vattel, book 2d, chap. 6th, sec. 78. In short, there is another case, where the nation, in general, is guilty of the base attempt of its members. This is when, by its manners or the maxims of its government, it accustoms and authorizes its citizens to plunder and use ill foreigners, indifferently, or make inroads into the neighboring countries, &c. Thus the nation of the Usbecks is guilty of all the robberies committed by the individuals of which it is composed. The princes, whose subjects are robbed and massaered, and whose lands are infested by these robbers, |