fordship to ride on out of townes. Another trottyage gambaldyn hors for his lordship to ride upon when he comes into townes. An amblynge horse for his lordship to journey on dayly. Aproper amblyng little nagg for his lordship when he gaeth on hunting or hawking. A gret amblynge gelding, or trottynge gelding, to carry his male."

Such were the horses of ancient days, ranked into clafies, and allotted to different fervices.

The gentil horse was one of a fuperior and diftinguished breed, fo called in contrast to fuch as were of a mean and ordinary extraction. The Italians, at this day, call their nobleft breeds, Razza gentile. Gentleman is understood in this fenfe, fignifying a perfon of better birth and family.

Palfreys were an elegant and easy sort of horfes; which for their gentleness and agreeable paces, were used upon common occafions by military perfons and others; who referved their great and managed horfes for battle and the tournament. Their pleafing qualities foon recommended them to the fairfex, who, having no coaches, used thefe palfreys, and always travelled on horfeback.

Hobys were ftrong active horses, of rather afmall fize. They are reported to be originally natives of Ireland, and were so much liked and ufed, as to become a proverbial expreflion for any thing of which people are extremely fond. Nags come under the fame defcription as to their fize, qualities, and employments.

Clethiek was a cloak-bag horfe, as malebefe was one that carried the portmanteau. Haries to draw the chariots were waggon horfes; from the French word charrette, whence the English word cart; for neither coaches, nor even chariots (in our present acceptation of that word) were known at this time. Indeed, the ufe of coaches was not known in England till the year 1580 (in Q. Elifabeth's reign), when they were introduced by Fitz-Allen Earl of Arundel. Till this period, faddle horses and carts were the

only method of conveyance for all forts of people; and the Queen rode behind her Mafter of the Horfe, when fhe went in ftate to St. Paul's. This fashion, however, prevailed only in the former part of her reign, and was totally fuppreffed by the appearance of coaches. Their introduction occafioned a much larger demand for horfes than former times had wanted; and fuch was the number of them employed in this fervice, that, at the latter end of the Queen's reign, a bill was proposed in the Houle of Lords, to restrain the fuperfluous and exceifiye ufe of coaches. It was rejected upon the fecond reading. The Lords, however, directed the AttorneyGeneral to perufe the ftatutes for the promoting the breed of horses, and to confider of fome proper bill in its room.

A gret doble trottynge horfe was a tall, broad, and well-fpread horse, whose best pace was the trot, being too unwieldy in himself, or carrying too great a weight, to be able to gallop. Doble, or double, fignifies broad, big, fwelled-out; from the double of the French, who say of a broad-loined filleted horfe, that he has les reins doubles-and double bidet. The Latin adjective duplex gives the fame meaning. Virgil, fpeaking of the horse, fays, " at duplex agitur per lumbos fpina." He alfo utes" duplex dorfum," and "duplex corona," in the fense of very broad and large. And Horace has "duplice ficu," the large broad fig.

A cuntal is a horfe whofe tail is cut or fhortened-in the French curtaud,

A gambaldynge horse was one of fhew and parade, a managed horfe, from the Italian gamba a leg.

An amblynge horse is too well known to need explanation. The amble, long before this time, as well as for a long while after, was such a favourite pace, and so much liked for its cafe and fmoothnefs, that almoft all saddle horfes were taught to perform it, e'pecially those who were rode by the rich, the indolent, and infirm.

VI. Falfely reprefent Ifaac kneeling before the pile of wood, with his face towards it; whereas, as the Hebrew word means, his bands were tied to bis feet backwards, and be was laid on the pile, with his face upwards, as the facrifice ufed to be.

VII. Without any authority from Scripture, Exod. xii. 12, &c. reprefents the If raelites eating the Pafchal Lamb at their going out of Egypt flanding. The Scripture is filent as to the pofture, whether it was fftting or standing. See Schmidius on Matth. xxvii.

VIII. Exod. xxxiv. 29. the Vulgate renders QUOD cornuta effet facies fua **; whence the painters have reprefented Mofes with horns coming out of his head. But the He

brew word denotes the glory that fhone in his face as the LXX. have rightly rendered it δεδόξασαι το προσωπον αὐς.

IX. In Canticles i. 4. the Vulgate reads, Trabe me, poft fe currimus in odorem unguentorum tuorum; which Hermanus Hugo having tranflated in his Emblems, lib. ii. Emblem 8, has obliged his painter to reprefent the bridegroom going before with a cenfer of frankincenfe, of which there is not a word in the Hebrew, nor in any approved verfion, the Hebrew having only Trabe me poffe.

X. Ifaiah is painted as fawn afunder, from the head thro' the body, of which we have no fufficient authority. But as this has been believed by many of the Fathers, we will let it pafs as dubious.

XI. Cornelius à Lapide fays, that in an ancient MS. of Bafilius Porphyrogenitus the prophet Danel is painted as beheaded; against the authority of all hiftory, which tells us that he died a natural death, Dan. xii. 13. Jo fephus, Hut. x. 12. The report of his being beheaded is potentum fubula & puerile delirium, fays Renfius, Var, Lect. lib. ii.

c. 13.

XII. The painting rays of glory round the heads of Chrit, the Virgin Mary, and the Apoftles, is an univerfal custom, taken up without any fufficient foundation.

XIII. John the Evangelift painted young, while writing his Gofpel, which he wrote, a. fome fuppofe, at ninety years of age; but all agree, when he was very old.

XIV. To ridicule the Chriftians, fome one reprefented a perion in a gown, with affes ears, and one foot hoofed, holding a book in

his hand, with these words underneath, Deas Chriftianorum Ononchyfis. "This was that Anah that found the mules in the wilderness, as he fed the affes of Zibeon his father."—— What they faid of Anah, they afcribed to Mofes; and afterwards from the Jews to the Chriftians, as Selden tells us, De Diis Syntag. H. Vof. de Idol. lib. iii. c. 75

XV. Without any authority or reafon, they represent Jofeph, the hufband of thẹ Virgin Mary, as an old man.

XVI. In the Virgin Mary's Conception, fome reprefent Chrift as an infant defcending from heaven, bearing his crofs in his hand; which, in picture, is the very fenfe of the Valentinian herely.

XVII. In the pictures of the Nativity, an ox and an afs are reprefented feeding at the manger, which arofe probably from the falfe tranflation of the LXX. Hab. iii. 2.

μέσω διο ζώων γνωσθής, in medio duorum ani malium cognofceris. Jerom, according to the Hebrew, renders in medio annorum vivificas illad. Vide Caf c. Baron. Exerc ii. § ii. From this, joined to lí. iii. 1. the ox harus bis owner, and the afs bis mafier's crib, arose the cuftom of placing thofe two animals as guests at that folemnity. ‡

XVIII. The Magi who came to Christ are reprefented as Kings with crowns on their heads, and to have been three only in number, and one of them of a tawny complexion for none of which circumftances we have any authority.

XIX. Simeon, Matt. ii. 25. is pictured in the habit of a priest, and blind, againtt all authority, as Bp. Montague obferves, Orig. Eccl. part 1. p. 161.

XX. Matt. ii. 4. Mark i. S. John the Baptift is ufually painted as a fatyr, with the ikin of a camel thrown over him. But he had probaby a coarfe veftment made of camel's hair, as Beza maintains, and Luther's

verfion exprelles it.

Matt. iv, 6. Cur Saviour is represented as fet by the devil on a sharp spire ↑ of the Temple but as the roofs of the Jewith houtes were flat, furrounded with a parapet wall, fo probably a parapet wall was capried round the temple, for ornament's fake, as Grotius obferves on Deut. xxii. 8; and Chrift probably was placed within-fide of that wall

XXI. The painters reprefent the houfes of the Ifraelites with flant roofs, like our modern ones, directly contrary to the command given them, Deut. xxii 18. Whence we often find mention made of walking on the

EDIT.

battlements of their houses, 1 Sam. ix. 25, 26. 2 Sam. xi. 2. xvi. 22. See Matt, x. 22. XXII, Luke xvi. 21. Lazarus is by fome ill-represented, lying along in the parlour of the rich man, as if a man full of fores would be admitted within doors. By others he is reprefented lashed by the fervants, while the dogs lick his fores, to whom he was grown familiar by his frequent coming thither.But he would hardly have come again, if he had been scourged away by the fervants.

XXIII. Matt, xxi. 21. At Chrift's proceffion into Jerufalem, boughs and the clothes of the populace are reprefented ftrewed under the feet of the afs; but that, as Lightfoot obferves, would rather have made the afs to ftumble. It is probable, therefore, that they built fmall houses on the road fide with boughs, and covered them with their garments, as was ufual on the feaft of Tabernacles. Lightfoot Hor. Hebraic. in Matth.

XXIV. Chrift is reprefented fitting at table with his guests the difciples, Matt. xxvi. and John, like an infant, before him, in his bofom. But the Jews, it is well known, like the Romans, ufed at this time to eat lying along, as appears from the words dzioba and xalanλiveobai ufed in the N. T. and from Lazarus being faid to be carried to Abraham's bofom, Luke xvi. 12.

XXV. The bread which Chrift broke with

his difciples, Matt. xxv. 26, is often reprefented as a piece of a great loaf. But the Jews fed at their meals fmall loaves, or manchets, as we find from the mention of breaking them fo often mentioned, as Matt. xxvi. 26. Mark vi. 41. vii. 10, &c. and from the fragments which were left, Matt. xiv. 20. XV. 37.

FLAGELLIS verberetur. Rich. Montacut. Orig. Ecclef. tom. 1. part. poft. p. 390, from Jerom. But this Artist does not feem to know that flagellum denoted a twig as well as virga.

In this fcene of the fcourging, two execu tioners are reprefented as performing the act ; whereas, according to the Roman custom, only one was employed, as appears from the form before cited; and according to the Jewifh likewife, as Buxtorf fhews from the Mishna. According to which likewife the pillar, to which the criminal was bound, was only about a cubit and a half; not of that length in which it is ufually painted.

XXVIII. Some reprefent Chrift and Simon the Cyrenian both bearing the crofs at once, expressly against the narration in Matt. xxvii. 32.

In fome pictures the cross on which Chrift is crucified; is reprefented like a capital T, with the upright beam not projecting above the tranfverfe; which, though it was the form of fome croffes, was not fo of our Saviour's, according to Juftin Martyr; and fee Lipfius de Cruce.

Another miftake is committed when they reprefent the feet of Chrift faftened to the cross with one nail only; i. e. with three nails in all, two through the hands, and one through the feet whereas Irenæus, Justin Martyr, Cyprian, Nonnus in Paraphr. p. 230, ver. 37, exprefsly mention four nails. fame method is attefted by Plautus ;

And the

Ego dabo ei talentum primus, qui in crucem excurrerit,

Seea lege, ut affigantur, bis pedes, bis bɩ a

Labia.

for the painter's fancy.

XXVII. Some painters reprefent Chrift fcourged with rods, others with thongs or furges, Matt. xxvii. 26. Mark x. 26. Luke xii. 33. That the former are wrong is clear, from the word in the text Qgafinõu, Matt. xxvii. 26. Mark xv. 26.and μary, Luke xvii. 33. which denote fcourges, not ved. It is faid that the Jews ufed only fcourges, Buxtorf, Syn. Jud. c. xx. And through the Romans ufed rods, witnets that form, L. lictor çolliga manus, caput obnubito, VIRGIS CADITO; yet this form was left off in ume, Cic. pro Rabirio Cof, and fcourging was introduced in later times. Sciendum eft, Pilatum Romanorum legibus judicium miniftraffe, quibus fancitum erat, ut qui crucifigitur prius

tom. I. par. ii. p. m. 393.

A fmall feat was in the middle of the upright beam, as Juftin Martyr likewife teftifies; but is ufually omitted by the painters of the Crucifixion.

is generally painted on horfeback; contrary The foldier who pierced the fide of Chrift to the exprefs teftimouy of John, an eyewitnefs of the fact, xix. 34. Its tāv sguliotav λόγχη αυτᾶ τὴν πλευράν ἔνιξε. The word realúrns, by itself, denotes only a foot-foldier, and the spear 20yx was not the wea. pon of the horfe. Juftly therefore does Salmafius blame Xaverius the Jefuit for following this error in the Hiftory of Chrift, published by Lud, de Dieu. See Salm. ep. ii. ad

Bar

their bofoms with one of his most refiftless arrows; and well might they each have faid, as Romeo did in a fimilar fituation,

"I look'd, and gaz'd, and never. mifs'd " my heart,

"It fled fo pleafingly away."

Like Romeo, alas! they were also doomed to experience that

"Fathers have flinty hearts."

Lucilla-who long had been denied the fweets of maternal tenderness and indulgence, lived under the roof of a father who loved her dearly. Frequently in his hours of goodhumoured fondness would he call her his angel-his goddess; but in fact the only idols he cordially worshipped, were his guineas, his acres, and the genealogical table of a family as old as that of the famed Cadwallader, and doubtless, though he scrupled not to pronounce himself a lineal descendant from it, to the full as vifionary alío.

Avarice and pride!-What a coalition of paffions in the breast of a parent, who feemed no longer to know any real felicity but in the fordid or felf-confequential gratification of them!

They were indeed an infuperable bar to the hopes of our lovers; for Florio had little to boast on the score of pedigree, and still els on that of fortune. Lucilla was no ftranger to thefe circumftances; and they ferved only to encrease her tenderness for Florio; though, at the fame time, she was aware, that, with her father's confent, the never should have the happiness to call him HUSBAND.

In the mean while, Florio was a daily vifitor of the old gentleman, with whom he fo highly ingratiated himself, that he could have obtained from him almost any gift, but the only one for which his foul panted-the gift of his DAUGHTER.-In this gift a fuppoled contamination of the blood of an ancient Briton would have been included; and too well did our lover know, that, fhould he dare to utter to him a fingle fyllable on the fubject of a matrimonial connection, he would never more be permitted to enjoy even a fight of his adored Lucilla,

Many weeks, however, were not fuffered to elapfe before the feelings of both Florio 2nd Lucilla were put to a cruel teft, in confequence of the arrival of an express, commanding the young officer immediately to join his regiment, in order to embark for America.

AMERICA! Fatal was the found, when it reached the ears of Lucilla, and awfully ominous was it to the fond, the darling youth of her innocent affections.

What was to be done?-Lucilla could not live but in the prefence of her Florro; and the idea of leaving behind him his Lu

cilla was worfe than ten thousand deaths to our enamoured hero.-Circumstanced as they were, from the base, or, at best, the abfurd and worldly, prejudices of a parent, whofe breaft had long been infenfible to all the foft emotions that flow from love, they confulted their hearts, and determined to follow love's dictates; that is, plainly to exprefs it, to ELOPE, and feek for happiness in each other, even at earth's utmost verge, fhould Fate conduct them thither.

On the eve of her departure, Lucilla wrote a letter to her father, conjuring him in the most endearing terms of filial duty and tenderness, not to reproach her for an action, which, as being unavoidable, she trufted was in itself blameless; an action, which would be no wife painful to herself, farther than as it might alarm a rigid but affectionate parent for the fafety of a beloved child; on which head, however, he might reft perfectly eafy, fince, having committed herself to the protection of a man of virtue, her own virtue, as hitherto, would, and should, remain inviolate.

By fome means, an anonymous copy of this letter found its way into the London Papers; and fo elegantly, yet myfteriously, was it worded, that in every polite circle it became the topic of admiration, conjecture, and enquiry.

The event to which it alluded, happened near the clofe of the year 1776; and by fome readers it may be recollected, that about this period a number of advertisements appeared in the daily prints, foliciting (under the initials of D. W.) the return of a certain fair fugitive, and urging her again to take shelter under the wings of a father, who was distracted from the lofs of her, and who could not defcend to the grave in peace, till, beholding once more his child, he might have it in his power to gratify her utmost wish by uniting her with a parental benediction to the man of her heart.

Would to Heaven that he had thus expreffed himfelf Sooner!-Long had he knows, or, at leaft, blind must he have been, had he not perceived that the mutual paffion of Florio and Lucilla was uncontroulable as it was unbounded; and now was it referved for him to feel-bitterly to feel that in obftructing their happiness, he had literally undermined his own.

His advertisements, like many other notices of the kind, appeared too late; and already were our lovers fafely landed at New York (where Hymen finally fealed their vows) before the wretched father, fenfible of his folly, endeavoured to terminate the memory of an irreparable misfortune, by terminating the daily repetition of it.

"Wretched father," has it been faid?

Alas