206,113; Triest, 160,993 (with district, 229,510); Cracow, 154,141 (including 2255 inhabitants of Plaszów, annexed in 1912); Graz, 151,781; Brünn, 125,737; Czernowitz, 87,113; Pilsen, 80,445; Königliche Weinberge (Vinohrady Královské), 77,120; Zižkow, 72,173; Pola, 58,562; Linz, 67,817; Przemyśl, 54,078; Innsbruck, 53, 194; Smichow, 51,791; Budweis, 44,538; Kolomea, 42,676; Laibach, 41,727; Aussig (Ustinad Labem), 39,301; Mährisch Ostrau, 36,754; Tarnów, 36,731; Reichenberg, 36,350; Salzburg, 36,188; Drohobycz, 34,665; Tarnopol, 33,871; Stanislau, 33,328; Wiener-Neustadt, 32,874; Prossnitz, 31,462; Görz, 30,995; Stryj, 30,895; Troppau, 30,762; Trient, 30,049; Gablonz an der Neisse, 29,521; Klagenfurt, 28,911; Marburg, 27,994; Teplitz-Schönau, 26,777; Eger, 26,619; Iglau, 25,914; Brüx, 25,577; Neusandez, 25,004. Population of the larger towns and cities of Hungary (including Croatia and Slavonia), Dec. 31, 1910: Budapest, 880,371; Szeged, 118,328; Szabadka (Maria-Theresiopel), 94,610; Debreczen, 92,729; Zágráb (Agram), 79,038; Pozsony, (Pressburg), 78,223; Temesvár, 72,555; Kecskemét, 66,834; Nagy-Várad (Grosswardein), 64,169; Arad, 63,166; Hódmező-Vásárhely, 62,445; Kolozsvár (Klausenburg), 60,808; Ujpest (Neupest), 55,197; Miskolcz, 51,459; Pécs (Fünfkirchen), 49,822; Fiume, 49,806; Györ (Raab), 44,300; Kassa (Kaschau), 44,211; Brassó (Kronstadt), 41,056; Nyíregyháza, 38,198; Székesfehérvár (Stuhlweissenburg), 36,625; Kiskunfélegyháza, 34,924; Makó, 34,918; SzatmarNémeti, 34,892; Czegléd, 33,942; Sopron (Oedenburg), 33,932; Ujvidék (Neusatz), 33,590; Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), 33,489; Szentes, 31,593; Eszék (Esseg, Osjek), 31,388; Szombathely (Steinamanger), 30,947; Zombor, 30,593; Jászberény, 28,675; Zenta, 29,666; Szolnok, 28,778; Nagykörös, 28,575; Hajduböszörmény, 28,159; Eger (Erlau), 28,052; Versecz (Werschetz), 27,370; Nagykikinda, 26,795; Nagybecskerek, 26,006; Mezőtúr,

25,835; MarosVásárhely, 25,517. Sarajevo, the chief town of Bosnia, had, in 1910, 51,919 inhabitants, and Mostar, in the Herzegovina, 16,392.

The movement of the population is reported as follows (births and deaths each including stillbirths):

(148,638); in 1911, 160,751 (90,134); in 1912, 246,300 (131,227).

EDUCATION. Elementary instruction in both Austria and Hungary is free and compulsory. At the end of 1910 and 1911 respectively, elementary schools numbered 23,847 (including 1208 private schools) and 24,226 (1261); teachers, 108,006 and 110,607; pupils, 4,520,138 and 4,533,734; children of school age, 4,818,870 and 4,885,504; training colleges, 142 and 148. In. 1911, elementary schools in which German was the language used numbered 9180; Czech, 6033; other Slav languages, 7809; Italian, 738; Rumanian, 179; Magyar, 5; other languages, 4; more than one language, 278. In 1913 there were 343 gymnasia, with 108,838 students, and 148 realschulen, with 49,151. Besides many technical, professional, and special schools, there are 8 government technical high schools. In the winter semester of 1913-14, teachers and students respectively at these technical high schools were as follows: Vienna, 183 and 3177; Graz, 54 and 817; Prague (German), 86 and 900; Prague (Bohemian), 151 and 2817; Brünn (German), 102 and 924; Brünn (Bohemian), 73 and 569; Lemberg, 98 and 1791; Vienna agricultural high school, 86 and 1135. There are 8 universities maintained by the State; teachers and students in the winter semester of 191314: Vienna (German), 666 and 10,310; Prague (German), 225 and 2282; Prague (Bohemian), 249 and 4713; Graz (German), 199 and 2203; Cracow (Polish), 195 and 3344; Lemberg (Polish), 186 and 5871; Innsbruck (German), 139 and 1480; Czernowitz (German), 61 and 1194. Of the total university students, 2701 were

women.

In Hungary, the elementary schools, grammar schools, and repetition courses comprise the "primary" schools. These schools in 1912 numbered 19,521, with 49,150 teachers and 2,969,444 pupils. The number of children of school. age was 3,548,365. There were 96 training colleges, with 1229 teachers and 10,340 students.. Gymnasia in 1912 numbered 192, with 371 teachers and 66,863 students; realschulen, 43,. with 1044 teachers and 14,938 students. are many special and professional institutions.. Five universities are maintained by the State:: Budapest, with 412 teachers and 6962 students in 1912; Zágráb (Agram), 97 and 1096; Kolozsvár (Klausenburg), 137 and 2157; and founded in 1912, Pozsony (Pressburg) and Debrec

zen.

There:

Rate per thousand inhabitants of marriages (M), living births (B), total deaths (D), and stillbirths (S):

Wheat

Rye Barley

46,248,082 47,758,377

Live stock has been reported as follows, in Austria (1910), in Hungary (1911), and in Bosnia and the Herzegovina (1911): horses, 1, 802,848, 2,350,647, and 221,981; cattle, 9,160,009, 7,318,088, and 1,309,922; sheep, 2,428,101, 8,547,042, and 2,499,422; goats, 1,256,778, 426,975, and 1,393,068; swine, 6,432,080, 7,578,690, and 527,271. Live stock as reported for Hungary in 1913: horses, 2,005,019; mules and asses, 17,062; cattle, 6,206,867 (including 161,683 buffaloes); sheep, 6,659,858; goats, 268,986; swine, 6,824,657.

MINING AND METALS. In Austria, the total reported value of mining products (exclusive of salt, petroleum, etc.) increased from 317,833, 337 kronen in 1908 to 320,107,395 in 1911 and 352,545,531 in 1912; furnace products increased in value from 136,920,722 kronen in 1908 to 155,669,112 in 1911 and 179,212,612 in 1912. The quantity and value of the more important minerals produced in 1912 were as follows: coal, 15,797,890 metric tons, 162,600,458 kronen; lignite, 26,283,690 tons, 141,045,962 kr.; iron ore, 2,926,686 tons, 27,364,903 kr.; lead ore, 27,952, tons, 6,567,943 kr; silver ore, 21,794 tons, 4, 076,705 kr.; zinc ore, 34,675 tons, 2,887,256 kr.; mercury ore, 117,780 tons, 2,882,630 kr.; graphite, 45,375 tons, 1,869,998 kr.; copper ore, 17354 tons, 1,668,525 kr.; gold ore, 603,840 kr. The metal production in 1912 included: raw iron, 1,759,851 metric tons, valued at 143,893,646 kr.; zinc, 17,298 tons, 10,555,550 kr.; lead, 19,993 tons, 9,521,889 kr.; silver, 49,355 kilos, 4,905,366 kr.; copper 3057 tons, 4,613,740 kr.; mercury, 763 tons, 3,972,912 kr.; gold, 204 kilos, 662,775 kr. The output of petroleum (and ozocerite) in Galicia declined from 2,088,457 metric tons in 1909 to 1,768,189 in 1910 and 1,489,782 in 1911 (1,487,842 tons petroleum, 1940 tons ozocerite); the 1911 output was valued at 46,994,393 kr. for petroleum and 2,614,472 kr. for ozocerite.

In Hungary the value of the coal output in 1911 was 15,481,000 kr., and in 1912, 16,904,000 kr.; lignite, 77,200,000 and 80,697,000; iron ore, 13,334,000 and 15,379,000; raw iron, 43,848,000 and 46,447,000; silver, 907,000 and 1,023,000; gold, 10,469,000 and 9,354,000.

1911 1912

Domestic Mdse.

Total Mdse.

Coin and Total

Bullion

Exports

82,007

2,081,403

79,456 2,737,541

1,913,598 1,999,396 2,457,286 2,658,085 2,404,304 2,582,560 132,915 2,715,475 2,733,855 2,926,665 178,420 3,105,085

The more important imports of merchandise for consumption in 1912 and 1913 respectively were valued as follows, in thousands of kronen: raw cotton, 329,785 and 336,057; wool, 161,971 and 141,478; coal, coke, etc., 220,905 and 262,and 83,806; tobacco, 61,987 and 46,560; eggs, 827; coffee, 102,020 and 93,390; corn, 105,682 66,574 and 68,518; rice, 28,351 and 36,242; hides and skins, 102,254 and 115,571; silk and its manufactures, 123,144 and 114,408; flax, hemp, and jute, 89,935 and 85,910; machinery, 100,399 and 80,837. Leading exports of domestic produce in 1912 and 1913 respectively, in thousands of kronen: sugar, 254,076 and 292,880; sawn timber, 164,036 and 157,094; eggs, 144,152 and 137,372; rough timber, 92,073 and 90,399; lignite, 78,508 and 76,425; glass and glassshoes, 54,050 and 60,628; malt. 66,143 and 55,ware, 77,715 and 88,264; leather gloves and 697; woolen goods, 70,001 and 64,809; cattle, 36,457 and 44,122; hops, 49,597 and 38,826; beer (in casks), 16,252 and 18,817; horses, 32,206 and 15,489; bed feathers, 19,138 and 19,098; fowl, 16,177 and 15,960.

exports of raw materials were valued at 2,006,In 1912, in the special trade, the imports and 124,000 and 961,320,000 kronen respectively; partially manufactured materials, 574,865,000 and 511,130,000; manufactures, 975,808,000 and 1,261,405,000; total, 3,556,797,000 and 2,733,855. The special trade in merchandise by principal countries, in thousands of kronen:

1912, 167,113, of 25,566,314 tons (of which 154,747, of 23,739,584 tons, Austro-Hungarian). Vessels cleared at Austrian seaports in 1911, 167,209 of 24,887,721 tons; in 1912, 167,122, of 25,569,882 tons (of which 154,787, of 23,741,146 tons, Austro-Hungarian). Vessels entered at Hungarian (including Croatian) ports in 1911, 25,021, of 3,815,463 tons; cleared, 24,981, of 3,802,816 tons.

COMMUNICATIONS. The length of railway in operation in the Monarchy, as reported for Jan. 1, 1913, was 47,037 kilometers (29,226 miles). Of the total, 23,200 km. were in Austria, 21,881 in Hungary, and 1956 in Bosnia and the Herzegovina. About seven-tenths of the Austrian lines and about four-fifths of the Hungarian are owned and operated by the State.

The length of telegraph line in Austria at the end of 1911 was 47,076 km., with 237,847 km. of wire and 7039 offices; thereof 40,577 km. of line, 40,577 km. of wire, and 4589 offices belonged to the State. In 1912, Hungary had 26,202 km, of telegraph line, 153,803 km. of wire, and 4765 of fices. The length of telegraph line reported for Bosnia and the Herzegovina is 3269 km., and of wire 7526 km., the number of offices being 180. Reported length of telephone wire in Austria in 1911, 411,885 km.; in Hungary, 344,633 km.; in Bosnia and the Herzegovina, 1104 km. Post offices in Austria in 1911, 9656; in Hungary, 6489; in Bosnia and the Herzegovina, 185; in addition, there were 36 Austro-Hungarian post offices in foreign territory.

FINANCE. The monetary unit is the krone, whose par value is 20.263 cents. The cost of administering the common affairs of the monarchy is borne by the Government of Austria and by the Government of Hungary in a proportion agreed to by their parliaments and sanctioned by the sovereign. The agreement renewed for ten years in 1907 provides that the net proceeds of the common customs be applied to the common expenditure, and the remaining expenditure be satisfied by Austria in the proportion of 63.6 per cent and by Hungary 36.4 per cent. In 1909 the expenditure of the monarchy was 643,578,124 kronen (440,391,996 ordinary and 203,186,128 extraordinary); in 1910, 573,750,039 kr. (461,617,783 and 122,132,254). Net customs revenue in 1909, 197,979,735; in 1910, 228,451,954. Contribution of Austria in 1909, 283, 400,575 kr.; in 1910, 219,609,773. Contributions of Hungary in 1909, 162,197,814 kr.; in 1910, 125,688,612. The budget for 1913 showed estimated ordinary expenditure of 497,950,169 kr.; extraordinary, 90,424,819; total, 594,374,988. The total estimated expenditure for 1913 was divided as follows: ministry of foreign affairs, 18,954,716 kr.; finance, 5,143,953; board of control, 363,540; army, 425,755,569; navy, 144,157,210.

In Austria, revenue and expenditure in 1910 amounted to 2,895,491,963 kr.; in 1911, 3,093,034,359 and 3,006,163,122. Estimated revenue for 1913, 3,137,481,539 kr. (2,943,804,420 kr. ordinary and 193,677,119 kr. extraordinary); estimated expenditure, 3,137,202,566 kr. (2,799,063,052 kr. ordinary and 338,139,514 kr. extraordinary). The larger estimated expenditures included: railways, 696,965,220 kr. ordinary and 143,759,000 kr. extraordinary; public debt, 509,681,469 and 641,157.

In Hungary, revenue and expenditure in 1910 amounted to 2,074,548,000 kr. and 1,901,666,000

kr. respectively; in 1911, 1,830,779,496 and 1,768,348,545. Estimated revenue for 1913, 2,072,809,031 kr. (1,834,299,156 kr. ordinary and 238,509,875 kr. extraordinary); estimated expenditure, 2,072,754,196 kr. (1,721,781,426 kr. ordinary), 106,928,930 transitory, and 244,043,840 for sinking fund. The larger items of estimated expenditure included: ministry of commerce, 484,472,250 kr.; finance, 273,822,968; Hungarian public debt, 226,137,396.

In Bosnia and the Herzegovina, the estimated revenue and expenditure for 1911 were 79,129,475 kr. and 79,535,715 kr. respectively.

No debts are contracted by the monarchy, in accordance with the terms under which the Union was effected in 1867. The total general debt, contracted before that time, amounted on Jan. 1, 1913, to 5,158,396,373 kr., of which 5,130,183,768 kr. formed the consolidated debt. On the same date, the Austrian debt was 7,312,753,129 kr., of which 6,965,111,048 kr. formed the consolidated debt. The Hungarian debt in 1911 stood at 6,390,863,683 kr.

ARMY. Austria-Hungary maintains a common army, whose composition is affected naturally by the existence of the dual monarchy, although in time of war it is organized to act as a common force. As in other countries of Europe engaged in the great European war, the strength and organization of the army of Austria-Hungary underwent considerable change and expansion in 1914. Previous to the outbreak of the war the peace establishment had been estimated at 425,000 men and the war basis 2,300,000 men. The army bill of 1912 served to add about 45,000 men by 1917 under normal conditions. Duke Franz Ferdinand, who was heir apparent to the throne, was assassinated on June 28, 1914, after he was appointed inspector-general of the Austro-Hungarian forces. At the beginning of 1914 the Austro-Hungarian army comprised 16 army corps of 33 infantry divisions and 76 brigades. There were eight cavalry divisions and in addition eight Austrian landwehr divisions, eight Hungarian infantry divisions, and two Hungarian cavalry landwehr divisions. At this time the exact peace strength was not available, and naturally there were no figures for the army as augmented on mobilization. It was estimated that 20 corps and 10 cavalry divisions could be put into the field. At the outbreak of the war an authoritative statement was published on the disposition of the Austro-Hungarian army by corps and was as follows:

The first army corps, with one cavalry division, at Cracow; second army corps, with one cavalry division, at Vienna; third army corps at Graz; fourth army corps, with one cavalry division, at Budapest; fifth army corps, with one cavalry division, at Pressburg; sixth army corps at Kraschau; seventh army corps, and one cavalry division, at Temesvar; eighth army corps at Prague; ninth army corps at Leitmeritz; tenth army corps, with one cavalry division, at Przemysl; eleventh army corps, with two cavalry divisions, at Lemberg; twelfth army corps at Hermanstadt; thirteenth army corps at Agram; fourteenth army corps at Innsbruck; fifteenth army corps at Sarajevo; sixteenth army corps at Ragusa. To these must be added eight Austrian Landwehr infantry divisions, eight Hungarian Landwehr infantry divisions, and three Hungarian Landwehr cavalry divisions.

On the Servian and Montenegro frontiers from east to west were the following army corps: the twelfth (Hermanstadt), the seventh (Temesvar), the thirteenth (Agram), and in addition in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Dalmatia are the fifteenth army corps (Serajevo) and the sixteenth (Ragusa). Behind these, between the seventh and thirteenth army corps, was the fourth army corps (Budapest).

Of military importance also was the Danube Flotilla, which consisted of monitors and patrol boats. The monitors were the Temes and the Bodrop, built in 1904, each with an armament 2 12 cm. q. f. guns, 1 12 cm. howitzer, and 2 8 mm. machine guns. The Szamos and the Körös, built in 1892, each armed with 2 12 cm. q. f. guns, 2 7 cm. q. f. guns, and 2 8 mm. machine guns. The Maros and the Leitha, built in 1871, each armed with 1 12 cm. q. f. gun, 2 47 mm. mitrailleuses, and 1 8 mm. machine gun. These monitors had a complement of about 3 officers and 70 men, and were armored. The guns had a range of 5 kilometers and the machine guns were for close fighting. To these 6 monitors must be added 7 patrol (motor) boats, each armed with 1 machine gun. This flotilla was especially built for service on the northern frontier of Servia.

In 1913 it was announced that two new landwehr regiments of lancers were to be raised and the establishments of the additional cavalry were to be increased. A bayonet for dismounted action was to be given the cavalry, and additional cyclist companies were to be raised, one company to be given to each cavalry division in case of war. In times of peace the cavalry in the Austro-Hungarian army served for three years with the colors, as in the German army. Austria-Hungary had profited by the artillery practice against aëroplanes, which had been carried on in 1913, and it was the opinion of artillery officers that the common shell would prove more effective owing to the sharp-edged splinters and the greater moral effect, and the effect of detonation. It was proposed to add two ammunition wagons with four guns to the field batteries in peace, and increase the strength of the field artillery regiments from 5 batteries to 6 with a substantial increase of the mountain artillery. The heavy artillery of the field army was modernized by the introduction of a new howitzer, the old form of which had been issued from 1899 to 1911, and this weapon was in effective use. While progress in the development of the artillery was slow, yet many trials of heavy and light field howitzers had been made, both on the march and at maneuvers, as well as in target practice. Previous to the outbreak of the war, the chief developments in the AustroHungarian army had been towards increasing the strength of the air craft and providing a large increase in machine guns. It was the opinion of military observers that the mobilization of the Austrian army was slow and that the forces were not put into the field as rapidly as they should have been.

NAVY. Number and displacement of warships of 1500 or more tons, and of torpedo craft of 50 or more tons, built and building, July 1, 1914: dreadnoughts (battleships having a main battery of all big guns, that is, 11 or more inches in calibre): built three, of 60,030 tons, building four, of 93,510 tons. Predreadnoughts (battleships of about 10,000 or more tons dis

placement whose main batteries are of more than one calibre): built six, of 74,613 tons; building, none. Coast-defense vessels (including smaller battleships and monitors): built six, of 41,700 tons; building, none. Battle cruisers, none built or building. Armored cruisers built two, of 13,380 tons; building, none. Cruisers (unarmored warships of 1500 or more tons): built five, of 13,815 tons; building five, of 21,216 tons. Torpedo-boat destroyers: built 18, of 9450 tons; building, none. Torpedo boats: built 39, of 6852 tons; building 24, of 5886 tons. Submarines: built six, of 1686 tons; building six, of 5370 tons. Total tonnage: built, 221,526; building, 125,982. Austria-Hungary stands eighth among the nations in amount of warship tonnage completed and also in the aggregate of tonnage built and building. In the figures given above, certain vessels are not included, viz.: ships over 20 years old from date of launch unless reconstructed and rearmed within five years; torpedo craft over 15 years old; transports, colliers, repair ships, torpedodepot ships, and other auxiliaries; vessels not actually begun or ordered, although authorized. The following are the principal characteristics of the Viribus Unitis, one of the three dreadnoughts: designed speed, 21 knots; displacement, 20,010 tons; length between perpendiculars, 492 feet; beam, 89 feet; draft, 26 feet; complement, 1000; main battery, 12 12-inch guns; torpedo tubes, four; maximum thickness of armor belt, 11 inches; launched, June, 1911; completed, September, 1912. See BATTLESHIPS; NAVAL PROGRESS; and WAR OF THE NATIONS.

GOVERNMENT. The administration of the monarchy as a whole is directed by the EmperorKing, acting through three ministries (foreign affairs, finance, and war), who are responsible to the two delegations. These bodies, consisting of 60 members each, are elected by the Austrian and Hungarian parliaments respectively; they annually convene, alternately at Vienna and Budapest. They examine the requirements of the common services of the monarchy and advise the parliaments as to necessary appropriations. The common government deals with finance relating to the monarchy as a whole, foreign affairs, the diplomatic, postal, and telegraphic services, and certain State monopolies. Austria and Hungary have each a representative parliament of two houses and a responsible ministry. Each of the Austrian crownlands and Croatia and Slavonia have separate diets. Bosnia and the Herzegovina are administered under the (common) minister of finance.

The sovereign in 1914 was Franz Joseph I, who was born Aug. 18, 1830. He became Emperor of Austria Dec. 2, 1848, and King of Hungary June 8, 1867. The heir presumptive, Franz Ferdinand, nephew of the Emperor, was assassinated at Sarajevo, Bosnia, June 28, 1914. The new heir presumptive, son of the late Archduke Otho Franz Joseph and nephew of the Emperor, is Archduke Karl Franz Joseph, born Aug. 17, 1887.

The common ministry in 1914: Premier and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Stephan (Baron) Burian von Rajecz (appointed January, 1915); finance, Dr. Leon (Ritter) von Bilinski (appointed February, 1912); war, Gen. Alexander (Ritter) von Krobatin (appointed December, 1912). The navy department constitutes a section of the ministry of war; the commandant

in 1914 as Admiral Anton Haas (appointed February, 1913).

The Austrian ministry in 1914 (formed Nov. 3, 1911): Premier, Karl (Count) Stürgkh; Minister of the Interior, Dr. Karl (Baron) Heinold von Udynski; worship and public in struction, Dr. Max (Ritter) von Hussarek von Heinlein; finance, Aug. (Baron) Engel de Mainfelden; commerce, Dr. Rudolf Schuster (Edler) von Bonnott; railways, Dr. Zdenko (Baron) von Forster; agriculture, Dr. Franz Zenker; national defense, Gen. Friedrich (Baron) von Georgi; public works, Ottokar Trnka; justice, Dr. Viktor (Ritter) von Hochenburger; without portfolio, Dr. Ladislas von Dlugosz.

The Hungarian ministry in 1914: Premier and Minister of the Interior, Stepan (Count) Tisza; Minister of Finance, János Teleszky; commerce, János (Baron) Harkányi; agriculture, E. (Baron) Ghyllányi de Loz és Bernycze; public instruction and worship, Dr. Jankovich de Jeszanicze; justice, Dr. Eugen de Balogh; national defense, Lieut.-Field-Marshal Samuel (Baron) Hazai; Minister for Croatia and Slavonia, Dr. Theodor (Count) Pejácsevich de Borosjenő és Szeged.

HISTORY

THE AUSTRIAN REICHSRAT. In the lower chamber or Abgeordnetenhaus of the Austrian Reichsrat parliamentary activities were made practically impossible by the disorderly and obstructionist tactics of the Opposition. The German, Polish, Socialist, and Italian deputies, and most of the Czechs, for ordinary purposes would have formed a working majority and might have been able to proceed in a business-like manner; but the radical minority of the Czechs, the Ruthenes, and the representatives of the southern Slavs, acting under the stimulus of an intense nationalism, were willing and able to set at nought the desires of the majority. At the end of December, 1913, the Ruthenians, who had been most troublesome, consented for a time to abandon their obstruction in order that a few important bills might be considered. passed to raise the exemption on the income tax from 1200 kronen ($240) to 1600 kronen ($330). This reform was at first rejected by the upper chamber or Herrenhaus, and a deadlock between the two houses of the Reichsrat seemed inevitable. On Jan. 13, 1914, however, a joint conference of both houses was held, with the result that the increased exemption was allowed.

A bill was

The month was not allowed to pass without a renewal of the obstruction in the Lower House, this time by the Czech minority. Hoping to arrive at an understanding with the Czechs, the Austrian government terminated the session of the Reichsrat, and called a series of conferences between German and Czech Bohemians. The quarrels between Germans and Czechs in Bohemia had led in 1913 to the dissolution of the Bohemian Provincial Diet, and the suspension of Bohemian autonomy. Since then, the Bohemian question has been particularly acute. The purpose of the conferences was to discover an acceptable compromise on the main points at issue: (1) whether administrative officials should use German, Czech, or both languages; (2) how the Provincial Diet should be elected; (3) in what manner Bohemia might be divided up into Czech districts and German districts;

(4) what should be the constitutional status of Bohemia. Unfortunately the Germans would not consent to the government's proposal to abolish the bilingual régime and to make Czech the official language in the city of Prague; and the Czechs were equally determined not to concede some of the fundamental contentions of the Germans. The conferences were doomed to failure from the start.

On March 5, the Reichsrat had been called together again, for the purpose of voting military and financial measures; but as the Czechs were clearly bent on resuming their obstructionist tactics in the Abgeordnetenhaus, Count Stürgkh decided to prorogue the Reichsrat on March 16. Neither budget nor army bill had been voted. In this emergency the cabinet availed itself of paragraph 14 of the constitution to promulgate for one year the law increasing the annual contingent of recruits for the army; and in place of the consolidated loan of $100,000,000 which had been contemplated, the government issued Treasury Bills to provide for current expenses. The Austrian budget for 1914-15, as published on June 3, showed a total estimated expenditure of over $700,000,000, and called for new loan issues amounting to about $45,000,000. The death of Count Zaleski in December, 1913, left vacant the post of Finance Minister in the Austrian cabinet. Count Zaleski's successor was Baron Engel von Mainfelden.

HUNGARY. The Lower House of the Hungarian Parliament, like the Lower House of the Austrian Reichsrat, was frequently thrown into disorder by the efforts of a violent and irreconcilable Opposition; but in Hungary sterner measures were taken to prevent the Opposition from paralyzing the activities of Parliament. On Jan. 14, 1914, for example, after violent altercations in the Hungarian House of Representatives, Count Karolyi and other Opposition leaders were suspended and ordered to leave the hall. Upon their refusal, the Parliamentary Guard was called in to eject them by force. Within a fortnight of this occurrence, Count Julius Andrassy caused an uproar by insisting upon continuing a speech which the House did not wish to hear. Again the Parliamentary Guard was called in, Count Andrassy and Count Zichy were expelled from the hall, and the Opposition members walked out in a body. Then the remaining members proceeded quietly to pass a Press Law Reform Bill. The Army Bill was likewise passed only after the Opposition had been expelled. In February a 42 per cent loan of about $100,000,000 was issued by the Hungarian government to provide funds for the repayment of outstanding treasury bonds, for ordinary expenditures, and for the extension of the Hungarian State railways. The Budget debate in the Hungarian Parliament drew to a close on May 6, and a Finance Bill was then introduced, whereby a loan of 400,000,000 kronen ($80,000,000) was to be floated for the payment of Hungary's share in the extraordinary joint naval and military expenditures of the Dual Monarchy, and for sundry other purposes.

After the outbreak of war, in the summer of 1914, a truce was arranged between the government and the Opposition, according to a Berlin dispatch; the various measures necessitated by the war were passed without disagreement; and Count Karolyi and Count Andrassy, the leaders of the Opposition, announced that they would